Commercials and Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

Analyze ThisDid you ever sit and analyze the kinds of commercials that are vie on the television? At designated times, different people are targeted. Or how about the ways the grocery stores are set up with the candy, soda, and magazines near the confine out area. Items in a store are put in certain places for a reason. These are all clever selling techniques that manufacturers come up with to get people to buy their products.Around 230 until about 500, the kids come home from school, and the cartoons and other kids shows are on. So why non show commercials for the latest Barbie doll or hot wheels playset. Children see this, remember it and figure out how to co...

Why Nicholas II Survived the Revolution of 1905 but Not that of 1917 Es

Why Nicholas II Survived the Revolution of 1905 but Not that of 1917 When Father Gapon and his followers marched peacefully on the Winter Palace on 22nd January in what came to be known as Bloody Sunday due to the extreme reaction leading to the shambles of the protestors, it sparked the revolution of 1905, consisting of workers strikes and protests in addition to terrorising the wealthy and important upper classes. As well as being a response to Bloody Sunday, the 1905 revolution was a result of pent up dissatisfaction with the autocracy in Russia and with the vast social inequality. However, in spite of the unrest within the country, the tsar managed to retain power later this revolution. In 1917, when the people revolted again, he was not so lucky, and the autocracy fell. There are many reasons why the Tsar was able to survive the 1905 revolution, not least of which was the benefit of good ministers to advise him well. Stolypin tried to have a modera ting influence on the Tsar and to help him make concessions to the people which would promise to amend their lives enough that the revolution would die down. However, by 1917 both Stolypin and Witte were dead, and the Tsarina Alexandra was in charge of the running of the country due to the Tsars absence to the front to fight with the army. During the judgment of conviction in which he was away, Alexandra replaced many of Nicholas ministers with her own personal favourites, most of whom were poorly equipped to hold such influential positions at such an unstable time. collectible to this, the Tsar had few capable ministers to advise him through the crisis when revolution broke out and help him emerge unsca... ...es stipulated therein played a large reference in his downfall in 1917. The emergence of the free press after 1905 granted the right to express opinions by cosmosation meant that the Tsar was widely criticised to the public for the first time, w hereas previously none of his wrong-doings had ever been made known, and he was viewed as ordained by god. Now however the Russians began to see him as fallible and to caput his actions, leading to further unrest. Similarly, and perhaps most importantly, the Duma in 1917 provided a viable alternative to the autocracy which had not been present in 1905. Ironically, just as departure the serfs had led to them wanting more and assassinating Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas grandfather, so granting the people their Duma in 1905 in part led to the eventual downfall of the Tsar in 1917.

Significance of Names in Flannery O’Conner’s Good Country People Essay

Significance of Names in Flannery OConners favorable Country passelThe story Good Country People, by Flannery OConner is a work that uses characterization in a new and interesting way to help shape and present the characters of this story. One of the principal(prenominal) characters is Hulga Hopewell, also known as Joy Hopewell. This characters name plays a very ironic role in the story. Through the use of such a mirthful name OConner helps to develop and build the characteristics of Hulga. In the story Good Country People the use of the name Hulga (Joy) Hopewell helps to further build upon the characterization of Hulga and pull the reader a deeper understanding of the character.Joy Hopewell is the name given to Hulga by her mother and father when she was a baby. This name brings to theme a person who looks on the brighter side of things and doesnt let things discourage her. In the readers mind this name may perhaps bring about the image of a teacher or someone who works with children in a well light happy place. It is also a softer much vulnerable name, which may have been OConners intent in using the name Joy. In the story Joy changes her name to Hulga Hopewell because of the fact that she feels it better suits her personality. During her childhood Hulga had an accident in which her leg was quip off of her body therefore, she has to wear a wooden leg that is rather bulky so by having the name Hulga it helps her to deter many people from communicate questions or trying to get too close to her. Due to this accident Hulga becomes a brooding person, not very fond of company and entertainment. The name Hulga brings to mind a rather large Swedish woman who could probably break a man in half. It is a brooding name and awkward on ... ...k that perhaps she should have kept her original name of Joy because it does in fact suit her.Throughout this story it appears that there are two intelligibly different sides of Hulga Hopewell. One side is that of Hulga large, brooding, and rude. The other side however, is softer and much more vulnerable. That side is Joy Hopewell. By using these two names together OConner creates a unique picture of this character. The revelation that Hulgas real name is Joy gives the reader some insight and helps the reader to see the softer side of Hulga more easily. By using something as simple as a name in this story the author creates deeper meaning for each character. Works CitedOConner, Flannery. Good Country People. Literature An Introduction To Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia 3rd ed. New York Longman, 2003. 247-261

The Natural :: Essays Papers

The NaturalIris vs. Memo, the everlasting battle of Good and Evil, Good nonsuch vs. Bad backer. In The Natural the Angels take the form of women that move with Roy. Iris the Good Angel has nothing but a positive influence on Roy and cares ab show up him deeply. The exact opposite of Iris is the Bad Angel Memo who cares just about what she can get her hands on except poverty. To her nothing or nobody matters. The reason Memos equal to sneak in with Roy so easy is that she uses her body, her looks. She makes Roy a toy to her. She wants money so badly, thats why shes ever so with people like Gus or the Judge, because they are the rich people who like to spend a lot of money. Memo has always been mean to Roy She hadnt treated him right. For a while things had looked so good but no sooner has he gone into a slump when she began again to avoid him. Had she been nice to him instead, hed have got out of trouble sooner (165). Iris is really laid back when it comes to Roy. I ris isnt as attractive as Memo, but she looks past the dollars and sees what she likes.Each Angel has a different effect on Roy both being on and off the field. Roy goes out with Memo ignoring Pops warning She is unlucky and always has been and I think that there is some kind of whammy in her that carries her luck to other people (136). Roy goes into a bad slump. Everything he does fails until one plucky in Detroit.The lady in the stands hesitantly rose She was an attractive woman, around 30, maybe more, and built solid but not too big A reporter approached her and asked her name but she wouldnt give it to him, nor would she, blushing, say why she was standing now (159).The woman standing is Iris and she is standing because she believes in Roy, and wants him to chance his confidence by showing her support.

Liability in Homebuilt Aircraft :: Essays Papers

Liability in Homebuilt AircraftHomebuilt aircraft are considered to be the fastest growth segment of aviation during the last two decades. Naturally with the increase in these aircraft will also come an increase in accidents. Accidents like the 1997 Long E-Z flash that killed John Denver have raised questions about who is legally liable the kit out manufacturer, amateur builder, or pilot? (Kolczynski, 1) Homebuilt aircraft liability litigation is expected to jump into a booming new industry in the coming future.During the 1970s and 80s production of single railway locomotive factory built aircraft has virtually come to a halt. With many product liability lawsuits, which led to large verdicts against the manufacturers of the single engine aircraft, manufacturers slowly dropped out the single engine aircraft business. With no more single engine aircraft being built used single engine aircraft have dramatically increased in price. These events have led to an increase in homebu ilt aircraft that cost a fraction of the price of a previously owned Cessna, Beechcraft, or Piper. Another boost to homebuilt aircraft has been the FAA. In the role of promoting air commerce, the FAA has supported regulations and advisory circulars that encourage the cultivation of homebuilt aircraft for example Advisory Circular 20.27d. (Kolczynski, 2) According to this anybody can buy plans and parts and obtain a special airworthiness certificate to operate the aircraft in the experimental family line if the amateur builder does more than 50% of the fabrication or assembly, and does solely for his own education or recreation. (Kolczynski, 2)Homebuilt aircraft are built a few distinct ways. Some of these aircraft are built from scratch using plans from a designer. Others are purchased in kits consisting of plans, pre-fabricated parts, and some raw materials. Once a builder acquirers a kit he/she is required to do the majority of the fabrication and assembly of the kit. Du ring the assembly the homebuilder needs to have the aircraft inspected by a FAA approved inspector. (Kolczynski, 4) A saying log needs to be maintained with photographic documentation of the building process. After the aircraft is completed, it is required to have the marking Experimental on the fuselage. (Kolczynski, 4) Next, the homebuilder mustiness submit a FAA form 8130.7 along with the progress log to the FAA for a post-construction inspection of the new aircraft. After the inspection, a special airworthiness certificate is issued with operating limitations that the planing machine may be flown only within a limited geographical test area for a certain number of hours.

Liability in Homebuilt Aircraft :: Essays Papers

Liability in Homebuilt AircraftHomebuilt aircraft are considered to be the fastest growing segment of aviation during the last two decades. Naturally with the amplify in these aircraft will also come an increase in accidents. Accidents like the 1997 Long E-Z crash that killed John Denver guard raised questions about who is licitly liable the kit manufacturer, amateur builder, or pilot? (Kolczynski, 1) Homebuilt aircraft liability litigation is expected to develop into a booming new industry in the orgasm future.During the 1970s and 80s production of wizard engine factory built aircraft has virtually come to a halt. With many product liability lawsuits, which led to large verdicts against the manufacturers of the single engine aircraft, manufacturers slowly dropped out the single engine aircraft business. With no more single engine aircraft being built used single engine aircraft have dramatically increased in price. These events have led to an increase in homebuilt aircraft that cost a fraction of the price of a previously owned Cessna, Beechcraft, or Piper. Another boost to homebuilt aircraft has been the FAA. In the role of promoting air commerce, the FAA has supported regulations and advisory circulars that encourage the development of homebuilt aircraft for example Advisory Circular 20.27d. (Kolczynski, 2) According to this anybody can taint plans and parts and obtain a special airworthiness certificate to operate the aircraft in the experimental category if the amateur builder does more than 50% of the fabrication or lying, and does solely for his own education or recreation. (Kolczynski, 2)Homebuilt aircraft are built a few different ways. Some of these aircraft are built from scratch using plans from a designer. Others are purchased in kits consisting of plans, pre-fabricated parts, and some raw materials. Once a builder acquirers a kit he/she is required to do the majority of the fabrication and assembly of the kit. During the assembl y the homebuilder needs to have the aircraft inspected by a FAA approved inspector. (Kolczynski, 4) A construction lumber needs to be maintained with photographic financial support of the building process. After the aircraft is completed, it is required to have the marking Experimental on the fuselage. (Kolczynski, 4) Next, the homebuilder must submit a FAA form 8130.7 along with the progress log to the FAA for a post-construction inspection of the new aircraft. After the inspection, a special airworthiness certificate is issued with operating limitations that the airplane may be flown only within a extra geographical test area for a certain number of hours.

Retributive Justice Essay

Retri thoive evaluator is a actually pronounced element in Charles Dickens novel, Oliver Twist. Common fellowship to the experienced reader, Dickens was a man of sarcasm, who played on words and had a very straightforward, h unitaryst agency of writing, unlike most of his characters personalities. Oliver Twist, who led a twisted lifestyle as a two-year-old boy, was influenced by various people some good, some bad. Like karma, Dickens do sure to take in the dishonest, viciously cruel characters what they very deserved, which may have been just about the except honest thing to happen in their lives. Some of these characters who were toughened the way they treated others, or who got what they deserved, were Mr. Bumble, Bill Sikes, Monks, as well as Fagin. Without retributive justice being a key element in Dickens novel, its innocent success in the world of literacy would be virtually non-existent.One of the novels characters, who is most present at the beginning of the story, was a victim of one of Dickens swift acts of retributive justice. Mr. Bumble was a self-absorbed, arrogant beadle, who thought rather highly of himself. He was a member of the workhouse in which Oliver was born. He was overly a member of a Christian church, who preached about the moralities of Christians, yet bluntly contradicted himself with the manner in which he treated his paupers. He was cruel, the complete opposite of understanding, and showed absolutely no signs of compassion towards the people under his care. Dickens used his great understanding and knowledge in the use of name symbolism in the beadles name, bumble, to say that he stings like a bumblebee. Bumblebees may seem cute and fluffy on the outside, but when they sting, they hurt, much like Mr. Bumbles personality. Dickens demonstrates Mr. Bumbles cold-hearted, stinging personality when he says Oliver fell to his knees, and clasping his hands together, prayed that they would orderhim back to the dark room- that they would starve him- beat him- kill him if they pleased- rather than send him off with the dreadful man.Read moreEssay About Justice Denied is Justice DelayedWell said Mr. Bumble, raising his hands and eyes with most awing solemnity. Well of all the artful and designing orphans that ever I see, Oliver, you are one of the most bare-facedest. (Dickens 46) He received Dickens generous retributive justice when he ran away with Mrs. Corney, the matron of the workhouse, where Oliver was born. Mrs. Corney was basically in charge of the workhouse and put Mr. Bumble in his place when he entered. He decided to try to order the ladies some after seeing them chatting amongst each other and Mrs. Corney wanted none of it. She quickly dismissed his, self-declared power, in front of all the workers. Ill tell you what, Mr. Bumble, returned his lady. We dont want any of your interference. Youre a great deal too fond of poking your nose into things that dont concern you, making everybody in the house laugh the moment your back is turned, and making yourself look like a fool every hour in the day. Be off convey. (Dickens 324)This is an example of one of Dickens acts of retributive justice because Mr. Bumble whos used to having the authority and power that came with him being a beadle was quickly and painfully interpreted away of the power he thought he had gained, by marrying Mrs. Corney. Another example of Dickens mischievous acts of retributive justice occurs to Bill Sikes. Sikes considered himself a professed(prenominal) burglar, which wouldnt be so bad if being a burglar could be considered anything positive. He was brought up in Fagins gang and trained by Fagin, himself. Sikes is Nancys so-called, lover. He treats this young woman with a rather odd combination of cruelty and envious affection. Sikes gets the real sense of Dickens capabilities in his use of retributive justice after he brutally murders Nancy. While trying to avoid an angry mob of people, who have recentl y discovered that his individualism is a match to Nancys murderer, he then accidentally hangs himself. Not only does his name imply that Sikes is somewhat psychotic, but he proves this to the readers.While attempting to table the angry mob, he decides to climb up through buildings, rather than away. He ties a rope to swing to another roof-top, but mistakenly and regretfully hangs himself. stupefying as if struck by lightning, he lost his balance and tumbled over the parapet. The noose was on his neck. It ran up with his weight, tight as a bow-string and swift as the arrow speeds. Hefell for five-and-thirty feet. There was a sudden jerk, a terrific convulsion of the limbs and there he hung, with the open knife clenched in his stiffening hand. (Dickens 453) Dickens couldnt have used retributive justice any better. He literally allowed Sikes through his given(p) writing abilities get treated the way he treated another person. Although, Sikes death was somewhat more brutal than Nanc ys he could have easily prevented his own death, had he not chosen to take his lovers life.Dickens didnt just give the readers two scenes with acts of nemesis. On the contrary, he gave the readers numerous ones, some less apparent, dramatic or damaging than others, yet still present. One example of the less apparent demonstrations of Dickens power with retributive justice happened to Monks, whose formal name is Edward Leeford. Monks, who happens to be Oliver Twists half-brother through their fathers side, was awarded part of Mr. Leefords estate after his passing. Oliver was rightfully entitled to a portion of the estate, but on the condition that the family names reputation hadnt gone wrong. Monks, by concealing Olivers true identity, along with his plan to give the young boy a bad reputation, prevented Oliver from being awarded his fair dowry. When Mr. Brownlow approached Monks about the will, Monks denied everything Mr. Brownlow had mentioned and stated the following sentence I have no brother, replied Monks. You know I was an only child. Why do you talk to me of my brother? You know that as well as I (Dickens 434). In the end though, with the help of Mr. Brownlow, Dickens permits Oliver to be awarded his share of the estate, by forcing Monks to give Oliver his share.A final act of nemesis, or retributive justice on Dickens part, occurs when Fagin is hanged for his crimes against the children he trained to be pickpockets and thieves. Fagin, who was a reprehensible by career, bought and sold, even traded stolen goods that the young children he had trained, stole. Fagin even stated Ah They- theyre mine, Oliver my little poverty. All I have to live upon, in my old age. The family line call me a miser. Only a miser, thats all (Dickens 90). When Fagin said this, Dickens made sure that it was obvious to the reader that he was being very sarcastic. Towards the ending of the book even though he had rarely committed thecrimes himself Fagin is awarded his piece of justice that backfired with his previous statement, when he is hanged behind bars.In conclusion, Dickens was credibly one of the greatest authors of all classic literature not only for his novels and other pieces of literature, but also for the various ways he easily compound literary components pathetic fallacy, verbal irony and sensory appeal. More particularly, his use of nemesis and retributive justice in his works such as this novel, Oliver Twist, is what made him such a great writer. From Mr. Bumble to Fagin and all other characters in between, like Monks and Sikes, Charles Dickens didnt hold back any of his talents. This let the readers truly get involved in the reading of this novel and also keeping them from wanting to put the book down, until they had absorbed every last word of his clever and humoristic abilities.

Assessments Package Essay

The paper is based upon the self assessment online training. Throughout I will explain what changes the exercise has done to the view I had prior(prenominal) and the view I have after. Although in I think that becoming a case manager is a hard job and requires specific record traits. I will write about the position of a case manager and what qualitys and duties the job requires. I will discuss the viewpoints on ethical principles, professed(prenominal) responsibilities, how my viewpoints had changed after the online training, and the self-awareness I have gained that could prepare myself for a case management role.View Changes on Ethical Principles The ethical obligations of the privacy for consumers and his or her protection of their health entropy are to be upheld at all times. The ethical principles within health bursting charge systems are based upon the accountability of professionalism. However, the protection differs from the type of organization for example, state pro grams require state laws to be accommodated and followed. The programs in which state covers is alcohol and drug abuse programs, Medicare, and other accreditation programs that are applicable to federal laws.Therefore, the ethical principles in my opinion are held high as the guidelines are to be followed by all organizations in order to function properly and to provide the proper care to the clients. Privacy is extremely important as no person would want his or her medical conditions and concerns placed into public hands. View Changes on Professional Responsibilities The work force training required for upholding privacy and surety of health information proved to me that it is seldom to be professional in this type of work field.The awareness or degree of the tribute and privacy for patients health information varies from how to use or share health information, parameters, job position influences, the leadership interpretation, and implementing costs. The professionalism of the H IPPA security and privacy requires the formal education and proper training to ensure that the person entering this type of workforce can have ongoing accountability for the security and privacy to protect health information.The standards for HIPPAs security and privacy rules address specific training requirements so professionalism responsibility is an absolute after receiving proper training. The requirements for the high-altitude training are crucial because of the cost and ongoing requirements and responsibilities of the workers. The professional responsibilities of the job demands ongoing training in which the workers are constantly up-to-date with documentations and responsibilities required by each person.The viewpoints of professional responsibilities after completing the online assessment has changed based upon the amount of responsibility the workers must obtain. The responsibility to make sure no health information is leaked through the system (documents, computers, corr upt employees) is extremely important, therefore the information shared among mint is to be protected. Although I believe that health care information is non an item in which thieves want to possess.Health care information is in my opinion pointless to steal, as people really should not care who has definite medical conditions wrong with them. The workers job to me seems like a security job with the use of a computer in regard to health records, I often picture a security guard standing in front of a medical filling room. Self-Awareness Becoming self-aware of the case management role prepares me to comprehend the responsibilities, duties, and importance of health care information.The case management role is an important role as the information obtained by the case worker is personal should be guarded or protected, and secured. I am aware of the responsibility the case managers has daily and what his or her job title requires. However, I do not have plans or goals to become a cas e manager or to have that type of role in a job. I like dowry people, whereas, I do not like to sit still and stare at a computers or paper work as a career.In the end, I have obtained information in which case managers jobs require extreme security, privacy, and professionalism. The case management role is only for certain people who can handle that type of job. Becoming a case manager is not a random choice a person picks for a career. For me, it is gracious to obtain information in regard to the role of a case manager and realized how important case managers jobs are and what his or her daily duties require.

Analysis of Marrysong Dennis Scott Essay

Then Scott having to chart invokeing the creation of a map in order to discover his wife, this emphasises the exploration of this new-found-land. The poem suggests an unsure attitude, as we agree in the first line, division after year we dont know whether this suggest a long, drawn out relationship that could become dull, or whether this means he is happy, and the year after year suggests commitment. Time takes a prominent division in the poem, with what is described as year after year is then shortened to passing seasons then shrunk still to an hour until the shifting of moods becomes sudden, suddenly she would change.This suggests confusion within the relationship for Scott, as the changing of her attitudes becomes unexplainable and undetectable. This unpredictability leads us to the point of the heavy use of enjambment in the first five lines, painting a vivid picture of uncertainty for Scott conversely, as the poem progresses, we see a much more structured approach. On the c ontrary, the poem as a whole is generally lacking in structure. The invariable use of caesurae, which breaks lines using pauses, denoted by commas and full stops.Also, the stutter of all, all disrupts the flow of the poem much like the punctuation mentioned. This disruptiveness also contributes to the uncertainty of Scott within the marriage. However, as we approach the concluding lines of the poem Scott evokes a discovery of certainty. He says accepting her geography and stating that he wondered which maybe suggests that he has no need to wander anymore. This concluding couplet also features a rhyming final both lines, which suggests stability and an atmosphere of certainty.The oxymoronic use of jaunty helpless journey suggest that Scott is at his buffers mercy this is significant, as the whole poem conveys the idea that the woman dominates the relationship, and that Scott is exploring her and trying to figure her out. At the beginning of the poem we see that Scott says that sh e is under mold by saying under his eye, this oxymoron features near to the end of the poem and, with numerous time frames being described in the lines between these two phrases, seems to suggest that after all this time he still has not been able to work her out or even gain control of their relationship.Conversely, this contrasts with the following two lines in which Scott is stated to have figured her out find his way among the landscapes of her mind. The fourth line, in the walled anger of her quarried hurt takes a prominent role within the poem. The use of walled and quarried suggests an inescapable territory into which Scott seems to be stuck. Quarried also suggests that Scott is trying to unearth her personality, with walled being the defensive behavior with which he does this.Love is a grievous unreliable territory seems to be one of the main themes evoked by the poem. We see that Scott is continuously trying to gain power in the relationship. This seems to be unprocurabl e throughout the poem, however the title in itself reveals a childlike innocence about Scott Marrysong isnt really a word, and sounds like a word a child would make up. It also evokes the bewildering nature of love and the complexity of marriage. Ovid Ars Amatoria 1. 469-78 states that dura tamen saxa (nonetheless, hard rocks) molii cavantur aqua (are hollowed out by soft body of water).At one face of the poem Scott states that one can see cool water laughing where the day before there were stones in her voice Scott maybe saying that the water hollowed out the rocks and overcame the rocks to make way for love. Furthermore, in relation to territory, Ovid states that capta vides Pergama sero capita tamen (You can see that Troy was captured after a long delay, but she was captured in the end) relating to Scott claiming that his lovers logic is like a territory needing to be explored, and the references of time relate to Ovid stating that Troy was captured after a while.

For What Reasons Did the Coalition Government Abolish Police Authorities in 2012? What Problems Do You Think Are Raised by the Introduction of Elected Police and Crime Commissioners?

For what reasons did the optical fusion Government abolish practice of law governance in 2012? What problems do you hazard are raised by the introduction of elected guard and Crime Commissioners? This essays objective is to take into consideration the rationale of the Coalition governments decision to replace constabulary governance with elected jurisprudence and Crime Commissioners (PCC). A brush up and a background of the patrol governing operations whollyow for be discussed and evaluated. A brief history of policing before patrol authorities were established will also be explored. furthermore, the reasons wherefore in that respect was a radical reform to PCCs will be debated and the problems that may arise. Policing has always been a challenging topic and it most likely will always be challenging. Sir Robert Peels first principle of policing stated The basic mission for which the constabulary exist is to rule out crime and disorder (Cited in theresa, M 2010). There has been an attempt to always cling onto this. The only difference is how certain authorities or political groups advent it. In the nineteenth century, autonomy and mightiness were located within boroughs, locally.After a a few(prenominal) attempts to try to centralise the police overstretch and a few police corruption scandals which occurred in the 1950s, it was finally the time for the government to produce a centralised, professionalised group of elder police officers. In 1964, under the natural law Act, these smaller, more teachable wrings were to be known as police authorities. Their role was to secure the sustenance and of an adequate and in force(p) police force for their area. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). However, the police authorities are now being replaced by elected PCCs.The main purpose of this reform is to restore the drive for local policing priorities and the general by leading interest with local policing partners. This will boost the say-so of local communities in criminal justice affairs. Beginning with a little history of how and why police authorities were introduced. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, police power was largely seen as a responsibility of local government, and police were controlled by the appropriate local institution.The policing were in the hands of the local government and the boroughs of England and Wales, by whom fiercely protected the police powers exercised by their elected watch committees. These powers were symbolic of the citys independence, and police forces were crucial exercisers of executive power locally, concerning wretched relief, licensing laws, the regulation of the streets, and the imposition of morality on the community. The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act introduced democracy to the self-governing towns of England and Wales.The only compulsory statutory duty was to select a watch committee to run the police force. The self-governing towns can be descri bed as self-confident, prosperous and autonomous. . The committees had complete power over the activities and composition of their forces. (Citied in Brogden, M 1982). The government aimed at change magnitude centralisation within the police force but after a few attempts to intervene, they failed. The first attempt by the state to adulterate the autonomy of the towns and cities came after the 1853 Select Committee on Police, which recommended ex head for the hillsing compulsory police provision to all areas.The family line region were under no doubt that, the most efficient way to run each force would be to position it under the orders of Government. However, these recommendations from the hearthstone Office had to be consulted with the opposition of the local government. In 1854 and 1856, the home plate Offices attempts to pass police bills that limited the rights of boroughs to control their own police forces were defeated by the borough. The boroughs also had follow auto nomy and democratic control over operational decisions.The watch committees, meeting weekly, had the power to hire and fire members of their forces and were prepared to exercise it. (Citied in Emsley, C 1996). Further action was done by the labour party workatives in the 1920s to gain centralisation. By 1939, Labour controlled 18 out of 83 county boroughs. The Home Office took increasing responsibility for producing a class of leaders for police forces, and thus intervened increasingly in matters of training, promotion and appointment. The Home Office also began to intervene more in the appointment of Chief Constables.The 1950s Whitehall introduced a policy of ref use to appoint any Chief Constable who had no experience in a different force this was clearly designed to create a more nationally homogenous and professionalised group of senior police officers. Since the increased effort for meshing with the boroughs and watch committees, thither was a growing demand of professionali sm within the police. The boroughs had co-operated fully in modernising and homogenising the police forces, through co-operative training and communication. Citied in Loveday, B 1994) Between 1919 and 1964, the state tried using efficiency, economy, and national security as reasons to centralise control, before successfully employing corruption to achieve this. The 1960 Royal Commission was actively steered by the Home Office along its own centralistic agenda, resulting in the 1964 Police Act, subsuming city forces into counties. These were influenced by the nature of two policing scandals of the late 1950s, which gave the Home Office a convenient point of entry with which to attack the spot quo. (Citied in (Ludtgarten, L 1986).Both scandals were cases of corruption within the boroughs, the Brighton Borough police force in 1957, where the chief constable and two officers were arrested and charged with a variety of corrupt practises, and in Labour- controlled Nottingham in 1958, whe re there was an investigation launched on Labour councillors and succeeded to prove that two labour councillors and the repository of the District Labour Party had been bribed on a cry to East Ger umteen. Events such as mentioned above involving corruption led to the boroughs finally losing their police powers completely.A royal commission on the police had been appointed in 1960 to go over the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain, and in 1964, the Police Act was introduced. (Citied in Willams, C 2003). Returning to answering the question more at a time now, the Police Act of 1946 mirrored the interests of greater efficiency and greater central control over policing. It allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units, merging them into a more manageable number of 43 forces in England and Wales.The watch committees were replaced with police authorities. This new administration was characterized as the tripartite structure of po lice answerability. The tripartite system distributes responsibilities between the Home Office, the local police authority, and the chief constable of the force. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). This tripartite system provides accountability to Parliament through the Home Secretary (who has responsibility for policing policy including centrally particularizeting key priorities that are formalised within a National Policing Plan).Police Authorities were composed of councillors (two-thirds) and magistrates (one-third) and their role was to secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). To liberate this duty they were provided with a number of specific and statutory responsibilities which included appointing and dismissing its senior officers, make sure arrangements are in place to consult the local community about the policing of their area and heir priorities, publish an annual local policing figure and a best value performance plan, setting out the policing priorities, performance targets, and the allocation of resources, to publish a three-year strategy plan, which must be approved by the Home Secretary and monitor the performance of the force in de exitring the policing plan. (Joyce, P 2011 118, 127). Although there have been things raised about police authorities and these concerns will be brought to the surface, it can also be argued that police authorities have constituently tried to provide an efficient and potent police force.This can be shown by all the legislation that has been introduced. The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally hold and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003). The introduction of the policing pledge in 2008 by the Labour party, although it has been scrapped by the Coaliti on government, aimed at restoring public faith and to ensure the assistances being provided locally were adequate.Promises such as providing monthly local crime rates, answering all non-emergency calls promptly, providing information to the community on their Neighbourhood Policing team i. e. where they are based, how to contact them and how to work with them were stated on this document, to increase community worryment and involvement. (Citied in The Policing Pledge, 2008). There has been placed a great deal of splendour on empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement. There has been many green and white papers published to support this.David Blunketts Civil Renewal order of business (2003) and David Camerons Big Society Agenda (2010) has influenced trends towards community engagement, confident and cooperation within their respective policing reform programmes continues. The agendas extensively focus on the responsibility of the government and all(prenominal) citizens efforts to strengthen communities, to revitalise our democracy and to provide more power and opportunity into peoples hands and security for all. It is believed that the engagement of everyone is necessary to even out that happen the government alone cannot fix every problem.Furthermore, Sir Ronnie Flanagan conducted the report of The Review of Policing in 2008. Flanagan stated that involving local communities in political decision-making processes is crucial and delivering in partnerships, develop the workforce and improving performance at force levels. (Flanagan, 2008). As mentioned above, there were concerns regarding the police authorities. One of the main issues was that central control undermined local police affairs power and authority. In the early 1980s, there were clashes between police authorities and chief constables relating to who would have the final say in particular activity.The reliance of the Home Office by chief constables tended to i ncrease the power of the central government over local police arrangements. In addition, the introduction of the 1994 Police and Magistrates Courts Act enabled the Home Secretary to determine and set national objectives or priorties. This task was previously done by chief constables. Furthermore, the police areas would be assessed on their attainment by comparing to a set of performance targets. Empowerment, localisation, and decentralisation are clearly not intrustd. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003).Additionally, the situation continued to be aggravating as further developments such as the targets imposed by central government were extended and became the key tool of performance management. Police forces had to deliver on activities, which were placed centrally. Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in 1998 to promote clarity in inspection and repair delivery, again centrally. This target regime led to the bulk of police work focussing on achieving the targets imposed o n them, this made it impossible to concentrate on local concerns. This again enkindles the central power undermining powers and authority locally.Also, it was bring uped that centrally determined targets tend to distort priorties, tempting officers into using their tine in unproductive ways into strikely fiddling performance figures (Loveday and Reid, 2003 19). Similarly, they created a counting culture within the police service whereby only what got measured got done (Loveday and Reid, 2003 22). Additional research was undertaken in 2003 investigation the role of police authorities in public engagement. Participants that were interviewed saw police authorities independence from the police force as very important.This was because of the risk of exposure of corruption or abuse of power. If it was 100 per cent fully independent, then I think that would make a lot of difference to people, and I think they would feel a lot happier knowing that it was beingkept an eye on. (Home Offi ce 2003 19). However, many participants thought that police authorities did not appear to be independent enough, and this could undermine the communitys confidence and trust in them. There was a feeling in many groups that the number of independent members should increase or even that authorities should be composed completely of independent members.There were worries that the independent members might not have a fair say, as councillors and magistrates have an overall major(ip)ity on the authority. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). Youre paying.. its your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how its policed. (Home Office 2003 17). The community does seem to desire to get knotted in the decision making, til now when asked who made decisions about spending and who was responsible for the monitoring of police performance, there was very little spontaneous mention of police authorities. (Citied in Home Office, 2003).These ensureings suggest that police authorities are not adequate or efficient enough, people living in the communities have very little knowledge of police authorities and the question is why? More should be done to advertise and involve the community in the decision making process of what happens in their communities. Their involvement would increase the confidence in the police and create a more coherent community. Conversely, as the Coalition government scrapped the policing pledge, they also disposed police authorities in 2o12 and replaced them with elected police and crime commissioners (PCC).The Coalition government strongly believed that it was vital to replace bureaucratic accountability from central government to democratic accountability to the public. PCCs will make forces truly accountable to the communities they serve, ensuring that resources are properly targeted to where they are needed and giving the public a greater say in measures to reduce crime and improve community safety. The main aim of PCC was to put power di rectly in the hands of the public. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o10). The key powers of PCCs are to set the police force budget and to hire and fire chief constables. Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). The Elected PCCs have overcome issues that the police authorities did not the community involvement, empowerment and local governance is greater. The community elects their own PCCs locally and it represents the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This new approach to policing is boosting the empowerment of local communities in criminal justice affairs. They will hold the elected chief constable to account making sure that policing is responsive to the communities needs.There is an increased democratic accountability. (Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). However, this new reform also faces a few critiques. Lord Blair referred to this proposal as the most lamentable provision about policing I have ever encount ered (Blair, 2011). Firstly, the PCC will replace the 17 or 19 members who currently represent a police authority. It is impossible to imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities found in the areas covered by police forces, whether they are heavily populated urban ones or cover geographically large rural areas. Joyce, P 2011). As the policing needs and concerns of neighbourhoods are commonly vastly different and are often in direct competition for finite police resources, it is a concern that a PCC will seek to direct policing to address the localised, sectionalised or political interests of those who elected him or her into office thus serving to politicise policing and opening the door to the possibility of corruption. (Joyce, P 2011). Before the 1964 Police Act, there were claims and investigations into policing corruption scandals the Borough police force in 1957 and in Nottingham in 1958. Citied in Willams, C 2003). Its due to these concerns about policing corruption, the police force became centralised. This is a major concern and strict safeguards and monitoring will have to be established to avoid it from happening again. Secondly, there is the question as to whether this reform was needed. It is fair to suggest that it is intensely politicized and a populist measure. Valid criticisms can be made concerning the operations of police authorities, however this did not mean they were performing a poor job and providing a poor police service.Party politics were not injected onto the agenda. In fact, there was a good working relationship between the police authorities and the chief constables in many areas and the communities and local policing benefited from this. (Joyce, P 2011). Ian Loader (2008) stated that the government is urged to take another ride on the law and order merry-go-round, to issue a fresh batch of crowd-pleasing-measures that can appease its apparently angry and noisome consumers. many will harmonize with this.The government is in need of public support, confidence and trust and the best way to get the local communities or customers support is to respond to our demands. As was mentioned above, the community would like more opportunities to get involved in the way their communities are being policed and the new reform of elected PCCs can be perceived as a crowd-pleasing-measure. (Citied in Loader, I 2008). Garland again has famously said that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist.Policy measures are constructed in ways that value public opinion over the views of experts and the state of research. The dominant voice of crime policy is no longer the expert or even the practitioner but that of the long-suffering, ill served people- especially the victim and the fearful, anxious members of the public. (Stated in The Culture of Control, 2001). Furthermore, a range of views were put forward on the role of PCCs from the consultation feedb ack and it was not all positive.Concerns have been expressed that a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. Moreover, there was concerns received about the checks and balances proposed in the consultation. Some members believed that the arrangements might prove overly bureaucratic or create confusing lines of accountability for chief constables and the public. Others felt that they were too weak, or sought more detail on how the Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) would provide a real challenge and scrutiny. Citied in Theresa, M 2010). Many also expressed concerns about the political nature of the role of the PCC and in particular the involvement of candidates supported by the main political parties. They believe this would risk cutting across the operational decisions made by chief constables and other police officers, and this would most definitely inject party politics, whereby police a uthorities did not. Additionally, there needs to be appropriate and respectable safeguards to be put in place regarding to circumstances under which a PCC could dismiss or suspend a chief constable.These issues, if they were to ever occur, could create tension between PCCs and chief constables. The community will have a knock-on effect from this, as they would be the ones feeling the consequences. There would not be an adequate and efficient service provided to the community. That was the aim of PCCs and if it does not meet its own aims, it would fail dramatically. (Citied in Theresa, M 2010). It is fair to say police authorities and PCCs have issues to be concerned about but also have positive points.Police authorities and the 1964 Police Act did structure the police force and it did aim at providing an efficient and effective police force. This is consistently shown by the constant need to improve and advance the services being provided to the public . The 1994 Police and Magistra tes Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, the Policing Pledge 2008, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force.However, the demand for empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement perpetually grew stronger too and the police authorities did set priorities and standards nationally, and not locally. Research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. participants that were interviewed saw police authorities independence from the police force as very important. This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. Youre paying.. its your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how its policed. (Home Office 2003 17). The community does desire to get involved in the decision making, however the lack of knowledge of police authorities and how you can get involved or the lack of handout of empowerment and localisation should be questioned. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). The Coalition government 2012 decided to introduce PCCs. The ain of this reform was to to democratic accountability to the public and to put power directly in the hands of the public. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o10). In this case, the input from the public is greater and have greater local empowerment.However, PCC faces its problems too. It does face greater likelihood of policing corruption, a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. 17 to 19 members are being replaced by one PCC. It is impossible imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities and activities. In conclusion, the question still remains as to whether this reform was needed, the police authorities were not proving a poor service or doing a poor job.Garland (2001) would suggest that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist. The introduction of PCC was just a populist measure. However, the local communities may benefit from the empowerment and local prioritisation and if they do, PCCs have succeeded their aims. References Blair, L. (2011), Speech in the digest of Lords 27 April, HL Debs Session 2010-11, Vol 727, Col 137 Blunkett, David (2003) Civil Renewal A New Agenda , capital of the United Kingdom Home Office Brogden, M (1982), The Police Autonomy and Consent, London Academic Press. Emsley, C (1996), The English Police a Political and Social tarradiddle, Harlow Longman. Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (Feb 2008) The Review of Policing Final Report. London Home Office Garland, D (2001), The Culture of Control. Oxford Oxford University Press. Home Affairs Committee, (2008). Policing in the twenty-first century, Seventh Report, Session 2007/08, House of Commons Paper 364, TSO, London. Joyce, P. (2011). Polic e reform from police authorities to police and crime commissioners. Sage, London. Loveday, B. (1994), The Police and Magistrates Courts Act.Policing 10(4), pp 221-233 Lustgarten, L. (1986), The Governance of the Police, London Sweet & Maxwell. The Coalition Manifesto Our Programme for Government (May 2010) Theresa, M (2010). Policing in the 21st Century Reconnecting police and the people. Home Office Home Affairs Committee (2010), Policing police and crime commissioners, Second Report, Sessions 2010/11, House of Commons Paper 511, TSO, London. Bibliography David Cameron speech (19 July 2010) Our Big Society Agenda. London Home Office Date accessed 25 November 2012 http//www. conservatives. om/ give-and-take/Speeches/2010/07/David_Cameron_Our_Big_Society_Agenda. aspx Home Office (2003), The role of police authorities in public engagement Date Accessed 3 December 2012 http//library. npia. police. uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr3703. pdf Loader, I (2008). The great victim of this get-tough hyp eractivity is Labour. The Guardian Date accessed 28 November 2012 http//www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice. ukcrime The Policing Pledge (2008). London Home Office Date Accessed 1 December 2012 http//www. met. police. uk/pledge/our_pledge_leaflet. pdf

Exploring Equality and Diversity Essay

You should use this file to complete your Assessment.The graduation exercise thing you need to do is keep open a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, stain let out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study bea thrust sure it is both the musical mode marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Name Nichola Craven1. What is compressedt by diversity?Diversity is the look that everything and everybody is several(predi upchucke). We each lease various qualities that make us who we be. We altogether rent our own idiosyncratic set of qualities and we whitethorn packet some of these with others we meet or have nothing in joint at all. Diversity may be visible as in age or colour of skin or not immediately notice until we have spent time with psyche, this could include their religious beliefs or sexual orientation.2. Describe the community you merry in. Highlight some of the variations you may observe in toll ofInterestsBeliefsAgesLifestylesPersonal, social and cultural identities.I lie in an inner city council estate. legion(predicate) state on the estate are interested in watching the local teams play football and rugby. T here is a community centre nearby and pensioners get together to do light exercise classes and children sway karate or cheer entrusting classes. Groups of teenagers take turns to use the basketball court. It is very rare to see children or anyone over twenty u babble the courts. Some parents let their young children go to the local park alone but others exit only let their children play in the back yard. At the back of the estate are the scour lands where galore(postnominal) plurality will mountain pass their dogs but some pot who live here have never walked that way.There are many an(prenominal) different beliefs, in terms of religion and family values. The bountifulst religious host are Christians, and the second big(p)st is Muslims. Most of the Muslims in the community do not drink alcohol. Most of the houses are homes to young families on low incomes. There are very few elderly people in the council houses. Most people are White British or Asian British in terms of ethnicity, although lately there are a large number of Eastern European families on my street. I have noticed that over the last two years that their English has improved greatly and we are now able to communicate better. Many people on the estate have full(a) time or part time jobs although there is a high number of unemployed and many unity parents who stay at home to take care of very young children.3. beg off how the variations in question 2 contribute to the diversity of the community.Where people have different interests much(prenominal) as playing or watching rugby, they are contrib uting to the entertainment in the community for those who interchangeable to watch the matches. Also, the children and men who are in the rugby teams are keeping fit and learning how to be team players. The people who watch rugby as well h white-haired(a) fund breeding stock-stillts to keep up with the maintenance of the clubhouse as well has regular charity fundraisers to help local charities. Neighbours who celebrate different religious festivals will sell their experiences by inviting others to parties and this helps everyone gain knowledge of how different people live. My neighbour oftentimes brings various Asian cuisines for my family to try and takes recipes.4. Give some examples to explain how diversityEnhances your sustenanceEnhances the local communityEnhances this country.Diversity enhances my life the most when I spend time with my brother. He is engaged to a Hungarian lady who has a large family living in my city. We often have parties in the summer where we eat from a big pot of goulash which is cooked outside in a cauldron over a fire. The drink of choice is palinka, a kind of fruit brandy although I discountt say I like the taste much. We sing and dance to modern and traditional Hungarian music and it is overall a fun time that I micklet experience with my English family. I see how diversity enriches the local community the most at the primary school where I work. The majority of the children do not have English as a first language and are all from different backgrounds and countries. Despite there being so much diversity and language barriers, there is a sense of camaraderie where the children help each other and are learning to live with and accept people who are different.The ethos of the school is that every child is precious and should be given the same opportunities as each other. The introduction of a Pride event in the city a few years ago has created a once a year festival where people celebrate their differences in sexualit y and way of life. There is always a big company and everyone has fun. I think it helps people to learn about and accept those who lead different lifestyles to themselves when they are given the find out to integrate at a large event such as this. Diversity enhances this country because there is always something new we burn down learn from each other. The integration of various nationalities, interests and somebodyalities designate we can better understand others and join in with their celebrations and appreciate different cultures. Our experiences in food and dining are enriched by the opening of different eateries and by supermarkets offer a wide range of international ingredients to cater for an increasingly diverse country.5. Describe what it means to obedience peoples differences and why it is important to respect differences.Respecting peoples differences means that we appreciate that others are different to us and just because we may not have anything in common or share their beliefs, we should accept them for who they are. When people do not accept others, it can lead to bullying, lack of communication and a general smacking of distrust. This can lead to excitement within communities. To be able to live in peace and harmony, everyone should realise that others have a right to be different.6. For a soulfulness you know, describe the individual factors that make him / her who they are.NameDefining factorsBrief descriptionPhysical feature filmsA tall, well presented man in his early thirties.EmotionsVery laid back, likes to help other people.Likes and dislikesLikes accomplish films and playing computer games. Dislikes soaps and dancing. Values and beliefsBelieves in God, doesnt attend church on a regular basis. Family is very important to him.7. Describe yourself in terms ofPersonal interestsReligion / cultureGeography.I enjoy reading, whether it is browsing the web or a book on my kindle e-reader. I enjoy interact with my friends but my main interest lies within my family life. I love spending time with my three daughters, taking them shopping, to the park or the movies. When my husband isnt working, we like to take the children and our dog for long walks. I am not very religious. I only go to church when occasion demands i.e. in the case of weddings, funerals or christenings. I attended a Church of England primary school and I still carry my beliefs and values from my time there and pass these beliefs on to my children. I live in Yorkshire on a medium sized social housing estate next to the city centre. The shopping centre, hospital and schools are all within walking distance from my house.8. What is meant by having multiple identities? Give three examples in relation to people you know.Multiple identities are the way one person acts in different situations or with different people.Example 1 Sasha is a college student who likes to socialise with her friends and loves dressing in the latest fashions. When she comes home she changes into her jogging bottoms and old t-shirt and spends time with her little sisters helping them with their homework.Example 2 I take my children to visit my ma and we drink coffee and watch childrens TV and she does jigsaws with her grandchildren. When I visit my mum without my children, we drink wine and talk about adult things and listen to the music channel.Example 3 Claire is a single mum with two young children. Monday to Friday, she comes home from work, does the cleaning, cooking and looks after her children. At the weekend, the children stay with their father and Claire spends time with her friends going to the pub and having a good time in adult company.9. What is meant by shared identity?Shared identity is where two or more than people have one or more of a common characteristic. This could be that they enjoy watching football or that they come from the same town or city. They could be the same age or share the same taste in music.10. Explain and give examples of how an individual can identify themselves as belonging to a number of different groups.An individual can belong to different groups by the fact that they have something in common with those people. An example is that of where a group of men are from the same area and they all go to watch a football match. If they were from Yorkshire and supported Leeds, they would be in that group of Yorkshire Leeds supporters. However, if they were not at the football match and were on holiday with their family, they would rank their identities differently. They would be from Yorkshire, and be fathers on holiday with their families. The football team they support may not even enter the equation in terms of how they grasp themselves or how others see them.11. Describe yourself in terms of your multiple identities.I am mum to three children. Earlier this year I was a full time housewife with my youngest child in part time nursery. Now all of my children are in school and college, my role is les s focused on being a housewife and I work in a school office. I find that now I work, my husband takes a more active role in the housework and care of the children, taking on some of my previous responsibilities. When the children are in bed, I take on administrative tasks for my husbands plumbing business and become his book-keeper. At work, I am usually based in the office although I have to walk around school passing on messages and I have to look after sick children while we wait for their parents to take them home. When I get chance to see my friends, they see a different side of me as I like to make the most of my time away from work and other responsibilities and have a good time. They would say I enjoy a good time and I am a shoulder to cry on.12. What is meant by stereotyping and labelling?When we first meet others, we cant help judging them from our first impressions. If someone is wearing glasses, we may think wrongly or rightly that they are goodish and studious. We may see two women together holding hands and we would think that they are gay. This is called labelling, when we pick out a characteristic and focus on it, mussinesstery our own conclusions. Another example is when we see a woman pushing a pushchair. We label her as being a mother although she is also many other things. Stereotyping is where we make assumptions about people belonging to a certain group. An Asian friend of mine was shopping in the supermarket, and looking at cat food. A lady who was trying to be helpful tried to explain to her that cat food was not for human consumption and was shocked when my friend replied in broad Yorkshire that it was for her cat and she wasnt thinking of eating it herself. This is an example of stereotyping people assuming that people who are from ethnic minorities cannot read or pronounce English.13. Explain why some people stereotype others.Stereotyping continues to be part of our society through the way families and social groups instil thei r beliefs on one another and the way that the media portray certain groups. When we see rioting on the news, we tend to see young people wearing hoodies to cover their faces. This leads to us thinking that all people who wear hoodies are dangerous when it is in fact not certain. My daughter wears a hoodie and sometimes puts the hood up to keep her ears warm yet even though I know this, I still get scared if I see a group of teenagers in hoodies because of all the media stories. This is the case of the separated behaviours within a small group that has lead to a stereotype. flock will stereotype because they want to fit in with a particular group and will share their spots on others.14. Provide two examples of the prejudicious effects that stereotyping and labelling can have on people.Stereotyping can lead to fear within communities. nonagenarian people may fear young people because of they see on the news that a teenager committed a series of muggings. Travelling communities m ay be made unwelcome in pubs because of a few isolated incidents of trouble. People may avoid those who suffer from mental illness as many murderers claim to suffer from mental illness. This leads us to stereotype all people with mental illness as being violent which is untrue.This could have a damaging effect on them and lead them to withdraw from society. People continue to be ageist in society. They label elderly people as just being old and not as able as they once were and dont consider other qualities that they have such as being kind and caring. Many non physical jobs do not rely on age such as being a good teacher yet sometimes recruiters will choose a young person because they assume that youth will make them better at a job. Ageism damages society because we are taking away the diversity and personal qualities that older people can offer and also, when we treat elderly people as being useless, they start to feel useless and may become depressed.15. Provide at least two exa mples of the way stereotyping is perpetuated in society.Stereotyping is perpetuated within families, the way your parents and other relatives perceive things can be passed on to you and so a cycle begins where people carry on stereotyping. I remember growing up in a family where we stereotyped all gay men as being flamboyant and effeminate. This was also due to the way that they were stereotyped on television programmes in the seventies and eighties. The views of peer groups can also carry on stereotypes. Some people see jobless people as being lazy benefit scroungers. This may be true of some of them but a discussion with your friends where they provide an example of such lazy scrounger and shows such as The Jeremy Kyle show where people are often presented in a negative way will make sure the stereotype prevails.16. Define detriment and discrimination.Prejudice occurs when a characteristic of an individual or group is reacted to in a negative way. It is an incorrect and unfair as sumption that is based on little or no proof. People can be damaged against many characteristics such as race, gender or sexuality and have negative views about or act negatively towards those groups. Discrimination occurs when prejudice means that someone is treated unfairly because they receive one or more characteristic.17. Explain how people may suffer prejudices.People can develop prejudices from a bad experience with an individual. If someone sat next to an unhygienic overweight person at school, they may think that every overweight person is unhygienic. Someone may be influenced by the views of relatives or friends who they respect enough to accept their views whether they are good or bad prejudices. If someone is around people who believe that their prejudices are just, they are believably to take them on board themselves and transfer those views to other people that they come into contact with.18. Describe the following types of discrimination. subject of discrimination DescriptionDual discriminationDual discrimination occurs when prejudice is aimed at two characteristics of someone or a group. If someone is a single parent and is out of work, they could be negatively thought of by someone who has bad views on single parents and of unemployed people.Multiple discriminationThis is where someone is discriminated against for having several characteristics. An overweight lady in a wheelchair could obviously be discriminated against on three points, being overweight, being disabled and being a woman.Positive discriminationPositive discrimination occurs when people are favoured because they possess certain characteristics. An example is where a housing association prioritises ethnic minority families against others in the same situation.Discrimination arising out of dis efficiencyDiscriminating against a disability can mean that disabled people are not given the opportunities in life that more able people are such as access to employment or education opp ortunities.Discrimination by associationThis is where someone is discriminated against for associating with a person or group whom the prejudice is aimed at. An example is a mixed race marriage here prejudice is held against one partners race but both partners suffer harassment.19. What is meant by the term protected characteristics?Protected characteristics are legally recognised areas where discrimination is likely to occur. They are age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion and beliefs, gender and sexual orientation. This are characteristics that everyone posses and the rightfulness is there to protect individuals from unfair discrimination.20. What is the difference in the midst of direct and indirect discrimination? Give two examples to illustrate your point.Direct discrimination occurs when someone is treated differently due to a personal characteristic that they possess. This could be an older person being denied the right of promotion despite being more qualified or equally qualified than someone young than them. It could be that a woman mentions at a job interview that she has four children and the interviewer immediately says they would be unsuitable for the job because they would require a lot of time off. These examples are direct discrimination against older people and working mothers. Indirect discrimination occurs where certain groups of people are put at a disadvantage because their needs are ignored. This could be a lack of disabled access in a public building that means wheelchair users cannot make their way around. Another example is a workplace health and safety document being printed only in English when there are many workers who speak and read English as a second language or some who cannot read English at all.21. Describe the effects that discrimination and prejudice can have on people. A main danger that arises from prejudice and discrimination is the kind of thoro ugh hatred that causes people to be attacked and killed and in extreme cases, wars due to race, religion or sexual preferences. If there is prejudice within certain groups, it will lead to social conflicts and a less harmonious atmosphere. People who are discriminated against typically lose their sense of worth as they become more mistreated by other people and develope a negative view of themselves. If people are treated as second class citizens, they may begin to believe that they are. They will also distrust those who discriminate against them and this will lead to hostile environments. They will have a lower quality of life as they are denied promotions and training opportunities. Innocent people will suffer supererogatory anguish due to unfair discrimination.22. Describe what equal opportunities means in relation toEducationHousingHealthcareEmployment.Equal opportunities in education mean that everyone should be given the same chance to succeed no matter what their characteris tics. In relation to schools, there may be single sex schools or schools that focus on a particular religion e.g. Church of England but this is not considered discrimination since there are plenty of other schools that cater for everybody. If someone is denied access to education, they are denied a better quality of life with better job prospects. It is important that everyone is given the opportunity to learn and achieve according to their abilities. It is against the law for landlords to specify that certain ethnic groups are not eligible to live in their properties.Equal opportunities in housing means that everyone should have the chance to live in homes suited to their needs and family size. If this law isnt met, certain groups will lead a low quality of life and may well live in overcrowded conditions. Everyone is entitled to receive healthcare. Healthcare professionals should not prioritise treatment or refuse to treat someone on grounds such as skin colour or sexual orientati on. Everyone should have an equal opportunity to receive healthcare and particular groups have a right to sensitivity. Equal opportunities in employment means that people should be recruited and promoted in relation to how well they can do a job, not be discriminated against positively or negatively in relation to their race or gender for example. Everyone should be treated fairly at work equal pay should be given to those who do exactly the same job.23. Outline the contrast problems that persist in terms of pay for men and women.A job should pay in terms of ability and attainment regardless of gender yet men are still on higher wages than women in many organisations. This happens when a woman is doing exactly the same job as a man or of a similar skill yet the man receives a higher wage. Inequality also occurs when men tend to get the highest paid jobs within organisations.24. Identify and briefly describe two other signs of inequality.Inequality due to sexual orientation is comm on. dauntless and lesbian couples have long been discriminated against in their quest to adopt or foster children or to get married. There are laws to prevent such inequality and in place of marriage, civil partnerships exist. Inequality can also exist in sport, where gender or disability can often cause restrictions to be placed. Less abled people should be given the chance to partake in and enjoy their chosen sport and sports played typically by men such as football and rugby made available for women to enjoy equally.Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Cconstructivism

Without going in to details, learning is a permanent change in behavior. (Burns, R, 1995) and base be gained through observation or interaction. These include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. In this paper we are going to comprise and have personal reactions toward these three schools of thought.Is there whatsoever best method in teaching English?. This is the commonest question that English teachers raise. Most teachers try to be the best in their classrooms, but they even dont cope how. Obviously, there is no best method to use in teaching English we should take all of them in to consideration and manipulate the fruitful points. fit in to scholars in cognitivism and constructivism students are responsible for their own intimacy experiences, cultural and social aspects are so important in constructing the knowledge and the teacher is a guider. In contrast to behaviorists who know humans as a programmed machine which achieve knowledge through repetition and condition ing.In my opinion, when learners think about an issue critically and have some ideas from different aspects to solve the problems, they understand the idea better, Thus, collaboration and interaction motivate the students the motivated student has no time to devote to do other unrelated things in the classroom. Therefore, they can work in groups and have explanation or prediction and make sense of current experience.However, we cant deny the constituent of conditioning and repetition in learning a nonher language. According to elements of observational learning students pay attention by marking and highlighting and as they study the knowledge they can remember it easily. when individuals are learning a new behavior, they will learn it faster if they are reinforced correct response. (Woolfolk, A, 2016). Reinforcement plays a really essential role in learning. When the teacher commends the students systematically they have more positive reactions toward their learning.As a teacher w ho works in ministry of education, I think behaviorism is more dominant at Iranian school. Students and their inner abilities, intelligence according to multiple intelligence theory by Gardner are ignored. The high level the students are the less creativity and critical views they have.The cultural and social learning (authenticity) are ignored as well. Moreover, group working and collaborating play smaller role in Iranian schools. Students are not able to predict and organize their knowledge. As they are fed by the teacher they cant use the knowledge they know to understand the subject that they dont know.The focus is most on the operant conditioning and students are likely to memorize the knowledge rather than understand the point. The examen tools also are not that professional in order to evaluate students who are learning through constructivism and cognitivism. The materials which have been covered in the books are not powerful enough to juice up the students discovering a bilities and help them to build their own knowledge.In conclusion, as I mentioned before none is superior to another. We have to understand the advantages of each and use them appropriately. Teachers have to put both students inner abilities and the effects of habit formation into consideration. But they have to help students to level up their adroit abilities and build their own knowledge with previous experiences.

Deception Point Page 61

The chamber looked deal a walk-in closet whose ceiling, walls, and floor had been completely covered with spume spires jutting inward from all directions. It reminded Rachel of a cramped underwater cave where stalagmites had run wild, growing off every surface. Most unsettling, however, was the apparent lack of a floor.The floor was a taut, meshed chicken-wire grid strung horizontally across the room like a fishing net, giving the inha consequenceants the feeling that they were suspend halfway up the wall. The mesh was rubberized and stiff beneath the feet. As Rachel gazed down through the webbed flooring, she felt like she was crossing a string bridge suspended over a surrealistic fractalized landscape. Three feet below, a forest of foam needles straitsed ominously upward.Instantly upon entering Rachel had sensed the disorientating lifelessness to the air, as if every bit of energy had been sucked out. Her ears felt as if theyd been stuffed with cotton. Only her breath was audib le inside her head. She called out, and the effect was that of speaking into a pillow. The walls absorbed every reverberation, making the only understandable vibrations those inside her head.Now the captain had departed, closing the padded door behind him. Rachel, Corky, and Tolland were seated in the center of the room at a small U-shaped prorogue that stood on prospicient metal stilts that descended through the mesh. On the table were affixed several gooseneck microphones, headphones, and a video console with a fish-eye camera on top. It looked like a mini-United Nations symposium.As roughlyone who worked in the U.S. intelligence community-the worlds foremost manufacturers of hard laser microphones, underwater parabolic eavesdroppers, and other hypersensitive listening devices-Rachel was well apprised on that bode were few places on earth where one could have a truly secure conversation. The dead room was apparently one of those places. The mics and headphones on the table enabled a face-to-face conference call in which people could speak freely, knowing the vibrations of their words could not escape the room. Their voices, upon entering the microphones, would be heavily encrypted for their long journey through the atmosphere.Level check. The voice materialized suddenly inside their headphones, causing Rachel, Tolland, and Corky to jump. Do you read me, Ms. Sexton?Rachel leaned into the microphone. Yes. Thank you. Whoever you are.I have theatre director Pickering on the line for you. Hes accepting AV. I am signing off now. You will have your data stream momentarily.Rachel heard the line go dead. in that respect was a distant whirr of static and then a rapid series of beeps and clicks in the headphones. With startling clarity, the video screen in front of them sprang to life, and Rachel power saw Director Pickering in the NRO conference room. He was alone. His head snapped up and he looked into Rachels eyes.She felt oddly relieved to see him.Ms. Sex ton, he said, his expression perplexed and troubled. What in the world is going on?The meteorite, sir, Rachel said. I think we may have a serious problem.71Inside the Charlottes dead room, Rachel Sexton introduced Michael Tolland and Corky Marlinson to Pickering. wherefore she took charge and launched into a quick account of the days incredible chain of events.The NRO director sat motionless as he listened.Rachel told him about the bioluminescent plankton in the pedigree pit, their journey onto the ice shelf and discovery of an insertion shaft beneath the meteorite, and finally of their sudden attack by a military team she pretend was Special Ops.William Pickering was known for his ability to listen to disturbing information without so much as flinching an eye, and yet his gaze grew more and more troubled with distri hardlyively progression in Rachels story. She sensed disbelief and then rage when she talked about Norah Mangors murder and their own near-death escape. Although Ra chel wanted to voice her suspicions of the NASA administrators involvement, she knew Pickering well enough not to point fingers without evidence. She gave Pickering the story as cold hard facts. When she was finished, Pickering did not respond for several seconds.Ms. Sexton, he finally said, all of you He moved his gaze to each of them. If what youre saw is true, and I cannot imagine why three of you would lie about this, you are all very lucky to be alive.They all nodded in silence. The President had called in four civilian scientists and two of them were now dead.Pickering heaved a disconsolate sigh, as if he had no idea what to say next. The events clearly made little sense. Is there any way, Pickering asked, that this insertion shaft youre seeing in that GPR printout is a natural phenomenon?Rachel shook her head. Its too perfect. She unfolded the soggy GPR printout and held it up in front of the camera. Flawless.Pickering studied the image, lower in agreement. Dont let that o ut of your hands.I called Marjorie Tench to warn her to stop the President, Rachel said. But she shut me down.I know. She told me.Rachel looked up, stunned. Marjorie Tench called you? That was fast.Just now. Shes very concerned. She feels you are attempting some kind of stunt to discredit the President and NASA. Perhaps to help your father.Rachel stood up. She waved the GPR printout and motioned to her two companions. We were almost killed Does this look like some kind of stunt? And why would I-Pickering held up his hands. Easy. What Ms. Tench failed to tell me was that there were three of you.Rachel could not recall if Tench had even given her time to mention Corky and Tolland.Nor did she tell me you had physical evidence, Pickering said. I was skeptical of her claims before I spoke to you, and now I am convinced she is mistaken. I do not doubt your claims. The question at this point is what it all means.There was a long silence.William Pickering rarely looked confused, but he shoo k his head, seeming lost. Lets assume for the moment that someone did insert this meteorite beneath the ice. That begs the translucent issue of why. If NASA has a meteorite with fossils in it, why would they, or anyone else for that affair, care where it is found?It appears, Rachel said, that the insertion was performed such that PODS would make the discovery, and the meteorite would appear to be a fragment from a known impact.The Jungersol Fall, Corky prompted.But of what value is the meteorites association with a known impact? Pickering demanded, sounding almost mad. Arent these fossils an astounding discovery anywhere and anytime? No matter what meteoritic event they are associated with?All three nodded.Pickering hesitated, looking displeased. Unless of course Rachel saw the wheels turning behind the directors eyes. He had found the simplest explanation for placing the meteorite concurrent with the Jungersol strata, but the simplest explanation was also the most troubling.Unles s, Pickering continued, the careful placement was intended to lend credibility to totally false data. He sighed, turning to Corky. Dr. Marlinson, what is the possibility that this meteorite is a counterfeit.Counterfeit, sir?Yes. A fake. Manufactured.A fake meteorite? Corky gave an awkward laugh. Utterly impossible That meteorite was examined by professionals. Myself included. Chemical scans, spectrograph, rubidium-strontium dating. It is unlike any kind of rock ever seen on earth. The meteorite is authentic. either astrogeologist would agree.

Bridge Collapse in Minnesota

The cum apart of noseband I-35W in Minnesota during the rush hour of August 1put tremendous pressure on the reliableness and safety of our distichs nationwide. Countless investigations and precautionary measures were done to make all duets pass quantity procedures and render it safe for both the vehicles and passengers. At the same time it gave dent to our morphological agents ability to come up with a truly run low social organization and bridge approach pattern. In this research paper we give try to dwell into the process involving bridge design, the different design loads, tight-laced bridge repair and the token of bridge design employ by engineers on the I-35W.After the pay, we shall also try to decipher the expert public opinion on the real ca enjoyment and give credence to their theory on the failure of the gusset plate. We impart also discuss the implication of the collapse of the bridge to the engineering profession, particularly if the failure was caused b y wrong design theories. And lastly after all is said and done, I will try to give my judging on the matter based on the materials culled from the different websites of the Internet. The Design Process The design of a social system (buildings or bridges) follows a tedious and complex process.Bridges for example needs extra meticulous observation because it carries touching loads and design flaws could only be accurately gauged if the sequence is subjected to a computer generated simulated melodic line diagrams. In this way geomorphological designers can pinpoint the areas within the structure that is most likely to jump fracture in extreme cases of bridge overload (BridgeArt). In the case of Bridge I-35W in Minneapolis, the designer may have been correct in all his assumptions as guided by the Design manual of arms of the American Institute of Steel reflexion (AISC).From the dead load to the perceived moving loads, to the s flat load and impact loads and also the necessary factor of safety were all incorporated in his design observation. Proof of the matter is the said bridge continued to thrive since its erection in 1967 and only collapsed quatern decades later. What may have caused the collapse of the bridge? Serious design errors could not be faulted because it should have failed at the onset when the bridge was first used by the commuting public. Certainly the culprit could be despicable maintenance procedures or bridge repairs.The Bridge Repair Data gathered from MN-DOT reveals that the bridge underwent major coldcock paving in 1970 and 1990. This twin repairs has already added tremendous dead load to the structure. Prior to the collapse of the bridge another paving was underway and materials were stockpiled on the deck plus the various equipment doing the repair job (Obi-Akpere). The juvenile resurfacing of the bridge placed an additional deadweight to the structure, roughly about 300 slews and may have triggered the destruction of bridge I-35W (Obi-Akpere).The Bridge Design Design Engineers from the University of Minnesota in its report, found the bridge to be a non-redundant structure meaning that all structural components act together and if one member fails the entire structure would collapse. Besides, the arched structure rests on only four pylons and failure of one especially during tremors would be ruinous (Week III). The bridge I-35W is a typical three span continuous deck truss with a pious platitude of brand name members and with the roadway on top.To protect the bridge from lateral movement because of extreme temperature changes (expansion and contraction), bridge bearings were used to allow the structure free movement (Week III). The Investigation From the wreckage of the collapsed bridge, investigators found several fractured gusset plates. Calculations were made on the stress capacity of the gusset plates and were found to be way deficient and the loads applied on the bridge were over their design limit. But no design imperfections were observed on the structural members (Samuel).This goes to press out that failure of the structure emanates from too thin gusset plates, which could have been a construction error kind of than a design flaw. Common sense dictates that a gusset plate should not be lesser in cross sectional area to a particular member served. In this case if proper construction procedure could have been followed, then structural failure should have been evident in the structural members (Roy). Or structure failure could be manifested in the welded joints or on the construction rivets and bolts.But such is not the case, then blame should be shouldered by the contractor for possibly undertaking stringent salute cutting measures or on his failure to notify the design engineer of the undersized gusset plates. And the MN-DOT athletic field engineers likewise for its failure to spot the defective components installed in the structure (Gilbert). Also commands were m ade by MN-DOT personnel on the bridge, but sad to say that they were unable to spot the defective gusset plates.Any ocular inspection would be useless unless field engineers would dutifully check each structural member by exploitation calipers, particularly the thickness of the structural members. All the data are feed to their computer design software system and only then can they be certain about their structural assessment (ArtiFactor). Implication to technology The collapse of bridge I-35W is a slap to the engineering profession, because it will tend to show that structural designers failed to bear safety nets to our structures not only on bridges but also buildings.It will put into doubt and scrutiny the methods and theories put forth by icons of the industry. For over 100 years our structural designers have practise the profession based on the tenets of the formulas perfected by pioneers of the profession and a miscue like the collapse of the bridge will render all of t hese to naught. This will have a global effect, because everybody will now put to test the safety of our structures. With a disaster of this magnitude, people will now question the relevance of our structural design principles.Have we really made an accurate engineering theory and formula that could be basically applied to bridge design? Or do we need to further hone our skills in indian lodge to come up with a design principle that will truly address such structural deficiencies? Engineers will now be irrelevant because what they have studied and practiced through the centuries will be rendered useless. It will be back to square one since all structures will now be deemed mentally ill for human habitation.What will now become of the human population probably live in tents and simple lean-to structures? Development will be in a stand still as everybody will be wary of building structures, much more live in it. But initial finding from investigators is a breath of fresh air to structural designers. They only found errors in judgment in the use of materials and components not on the structural design. This will prove beyond doubt that they have practiced sound design principles and that resulting structures are safer than ever. ConclusionIn the ensuing investigation, it is my opinion that what caused the collapse of bridge I-35W is not the design flaws (although evident) but the hit-or-miss repair on the bridge made by personnel of the MN-DOT. Take note that resurfacing was made on the bridge for three occasions, one in 1970, 1990, and the one prior to the collapse of the bridge. Each time the bridge was resurfaced, almost 15,000 cubic feet of material was poured over it. This is only for the longest span of 458 feet and a width of 113 feet or roughly 8 road lanes, the one span directly over the river.This alone constitutes over 2,500 tons added to the original design load, and since this is done three times, the additional deadweight is tremendous. At th e time of the incident equipment and materials were stockpiled making the structure grossly overloaded, no wonder the bridge collapsed (Week III). By the way repairs have been made on the bridge, it was really an accident waiting to happen. It was never the fault of the structural designer, not even the contractor for he knew his responsibilities.But had they followed the steel design manual on gusset plate design, the structure could have survived the additional deadweight imposed on it. References American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. 1967. Manual of Steel Construction. sixth ed. American Institute of Steel Construction United States. Artifactor. I-35W Bridge over Mississippi River collapsed Science Buzz. 2 August 2007. Science Museum of Minnesota. 4 February 2008. .BridgeArt. 2007. big Tail Group. 4 February 2008. http//www. bridgeart. net/software_database/. Gilbert, Steve. Design disfigurement caused MN bridge collapse. Sweetness and Light. 15 January 2008. 4 Feb ruary 2008. http//sweetness-light. com/archive/design-flaw-caused-mn-bridge-collapse. Obi-Akpere. The Critical Factor Why Minneapolis Bridge Collapsed. NowPublic. 16 January 2008. 3 February 2008. http//www. nowpublic. com/environment/critical-factor-why-minneapolis-bridge-collapsed. Roy, Jennifer.Design Flaw Identified in Minnesota Bridge Collapse. Design News. 15 January 2008. 4 February 2008. http//www. designnews. com/article/CA6522883. html. Samuel, Peter. MN/I-35W bridge collapsed because several gusset plates were grossly undersized engineering error the cause. TollRoadsnews. 15 January 2008. 3 February 2008. http//www. tollroadsnews. com/node/3346. Weeks III, magic A. Old I-35W Bridge. John Weeks Homepage. 2005. 3 February 2008. http//www. visi. com/jweeks/bridges/pages/ms16. html.

Brief Essay

In an upscale neighborhood, then maybe it could argue that Its failure to provide security patrols Is reasonable. If the logical argument Is located In a crime-ridden area, When briefing a sheath, your goal is to reduce the information from the suit Into a format that provide provide you with a helpful reference in class and for review.Most Importantly, by briefing a case, you impart grasp the problem the flirt faced (the issuel the pertinent law the court exampled to olve it (the rule) how the court applied the rule to the facts (the application or analysisb and the outcome (the conclusion). You give then be ready to not only discuss the case, but to compare and contrast it to other cases involving a standardised issue. Before attempting to brief a case, read the case at least once, Follow the IRAC method in briefing cases Facts* Write a brief summary of the facts as the court found them to be. Eliminate facts that are not relevant to the courts analysis.For example, a b usinesss street address is believably not relevant to the courts decision ot the issue ot whether the business that old a detective product Is able for the resulting Injuries to the plaintiff. However, suppose a customer who was assaulted as she left Its store Is suing the business. The customer claims that her Injuries were the clean foreseeable result of the businesss failure to provide security patrols. If the business Is then perhaps the customer Is right. Instead of Including the street address In the case brief, you may want to simply hunt the type of neighborhood in which it Is located. Note the time of day would be another relevant compute in this case, among others). Procedural History* What court authored the opinion The united States Supreme beg? The California Court of Appeal? The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals? (Hint Check under the title of the case The Court and class of the decision will be given). If a trial court issued the decision, is it based on a trial, or motion for summary judgment, etc.? If an appellate court issued the decision, how did the lower courts decide the case? Issue What is the nous presented to the court?Usually, only one issue will be discussed, but sometimes there will be more. What are the parties fighting about, nd what are they asking the court to decide? For example, in the case of the assaulted customer, the issue for a trial court to decide might be whether the business had a calling to the customer to provide security patrols. The answer to the question will help to ultimately determine * This applies to case briefs only, and not exams. use the IRAC method In answering exams Issue,Rule/Andlysls/Concluslon. hether the business Is liable for negligently failing to provide security patrols whether the defendant owed plaintiff a duty of care, and what that duty of care Is, re key Issues in negligence claims. Rule(s) Determine what the relevant rules of law are that the court uses to make its decision. These ru les will be identified and discussed by the court. For example, in the case of the assaulted customer, the relevant rule of law is that a quality owners duty to prevent harm to invitees is determined by balancing the foreseeability of the harm against the weight of preventive measures.There may be more than one relevant rule of law to a case for example, in a negligence case in which the defendant argues hat the plaintiff fictitious the risk of harm, the relevant rules of law could be the elements of negligence, and the definition of assumption of risk as a defense. take int just simply list the cause of action, such as negligence as a rule of law What rule must the court apply to the facts to determine the outcome? Application/depth psychology This may be the most important portion of the brief. The court will have examined the facts in deject of the rule, and probably considered all sides and arguments presented to it.How courts apply the rule to the facts and analyze the cas e must be nderstood in rear to properly predict outcomes in future cases involving the same issue. What does the court consider to be a relevant fact given the rule of law? How does the court interpret the rule for example, does the court consider pecuniary represents of providing security patrols in weighing the burden of preventive measures? Does the court imply that if a business is in a dangerous area, then it should be willing to bear a higher cost for security? Resist the temptation to merely repeat what the court said in analyzing the facts what does it mean to you? tote up the ourts rationale in your own words. If you encounter a word that you do not know, use a dictionary to find its meaning. Conclusion What was the final outcome of the case? In one or two sentences, state the courts ultimate finding. For example, the business did not owe the assaulted customer a duty to provide security patrols. Note Case briefing is a skill that you will explain throughout the semester . Practice will help you develop this skill. Periodically, case briefs will be stack away for purposes of feedback. At any time, you may submit your case brief(s) for feedback.