Los Procesos Químicos Del Cuerpo

Los Procesos Qumicos Del CuerpoCasandra HernndezIntroduccinA travs de este trabajo la investigadora realiz una revisin de literatura relacionada a los procesos qumicos que ocurren en el cuerpo humano. Se comienza definiendo conceptos esenciales para comprender los procesos qumicos. Segn Aguilar (2012) el cuerpo de los seres humanos es un sistema que est compuesto por clulas las cuales forman los teji land. Mediante las clulas el cuerpo humano lleva a cabo las funciones vitales para vivir. El cuerpo del ser humano tiene procesos que son bsicos y que producen subsistemas esenciales donde un grupo de rganos coordinados realizan las funciones esenciales del ser humano. El cuerpo humano tiene once sistemas que agrupan los rganos esenciales para que funcione el cuerpo adecuadamente.Sistemas del cuerpo humanoEstos sistemas son los siguientesEl sistema healthy que es el conjunto de msculos que tienen la responsabilidad de los cambios corporales, postura y locomocin.El sistema seo que es el conjunto de huesos que forman el esqueleto y protegen a los rganos internos como el crneo y la columna vertebral.El sistema respiratorio que incluye a las fosas nasales, la faringe, la laringe y los pulmones que realizan el intercambio gaseoso.El sistema digestivo incluye la boca, el hgado, el estmago, los intestinos y otros rganos. Se encarga de realizar la degradacin de los alimentos a nutrientes que luego asimila el cuerpo y utiliza en las actividades que realiza el organismo.El sistema excretor est compuesto por los riones y sus conductos los cuales funcionan para extraer los desechos metablicos, osmorregulacin y la homeostasis para mantener el equilibrio qumico del cuerpo.El sistema circulatorio incluye el corazn, vasos sanguneos y clulas sanguneas. El mismo sirve para llevar los alimentos y el oxgeno a las clulas. Adems, recoge los desechos metablicos que se elimina a travs de los riones, en la orina y por el aire que se exhala por los pulmones.El sistema endocrino contiene la s glndulas productoras de hormonas que intervienen en la regulacin del crecimiento, metabolismo y los procesos de la reproduccin.El sistema nervioso est constituido por el cerebro, ganglios, nervios, rganos de los sentidos para detectar, analizar los estmulos y crear las respuestas apropiadas.El aparato reproductor est compuesto por testculos y ovarios para llevar a cabo el proceso de reproduccin de los seres humanos.El sistema linftico contiene los capilares circulatorios en los que se recoge y transporta el lquido de los tejidos. Adems, transporta por el torrente sanguneo los lpidos digeridos que vienen del intestino para eliminar y destruir las sustancias txicas. El mismo ayuda a que no se difundan las enfermedades a travs del cuerpo.El sistema inmunolgico est constituido por diferentes rganos que estn a travs de los tejidos del cuerpo. Este sistema reconoce las estructuras y su straits propsito es preservar su identidad. Est constituido por linfocitos y por anticuerpos.Se indic a que el cuerpo humano es un mecanismo que se basa en los componentes qumicos para mantener un equilibrio en el mismo. El estado de equilibrio se le llama homeostasis. Cuando una o ms sustancias qumicas caen fuera de equilibrio por una disminucin o aumento de los niveles, provoca que los sistemas del cuerpo humano trabajen de forma menos eficiente. Estos desequilibrios qumicos pueden suceder por un sinnmero de razones logrando afectar el cuerpo de diversas formas (Melton, s.f.).La serotoninaSegn Melton (s.f.) la serotonina es un neurotransmisor que est en el cerebro. Cuando la serotonina se encuentra en niveles normales la persona tendr una variedad de emociones y funcionar eficientemente. Sin embargo, cuando los niveles de serotonina comienzan a disminuir por los cambios qumicos del cuerpo es por interaccin farmacolgica o por una enfermedad, que puede lograr que la personalidad del individuo cambie como llegar a la depresin y que aparezca el trastorno bipolar. De otra parte, cuando disminuyen los niveles de serotonina puede causar fatiga crnica, trastornos del worko y cambios en el apetito.La insulinaTambin, Melton indica que la insulina es una hormona que la produce el pncreas y permite que la glucosa entre en las clulas del cuerpo. Cuando la misma se encuentra en niveles normales, se produce insulina suficiente y sta es usada por el cuerpo para que la glucosa sea absorbida por las clulas del cuerpo para la obtencin de energa. Cuando los niveles de insulina comienzan a disminuir, se puede llegar a padecer de diabetes. La diabetes tipo 1 surge cuando el sistema inmunolgico del cuerpo humano se vuelve en contra y a su vez destruye las clulas del pncreas las cuales producen insulina. La diabetes tipo 2 ocurre cuando se producen las clulas que son resistentes a la insulina. Esto ocurre cuando las clulas no permiten a la insulina abrir las vas para que la glucosa penetre. El pncreas produce una cantidad mayor de insulina cuando aumentan los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, pero las clulas no son receptivas y los niveles de glucosa continan en aumento.Desequilibrios hormonales pituitariosLa glndula pituitaria es una glndula pequea que se encuentra en la base del cerebro. Esta glndula produce hormonas que regulan la presin sangunea, el crecimiento y algunos aspectos del sistema reproductivo. En algunas ocasiones ocurre el hipopituitarismo por el resultado de la disminucin de los niveles de hormonas de la pituitaria. Cuando esto ocurre, puede causar trastornos en las funciones normales del cuerpo tales como la presin arterial y la frecuencia cardaca (Melton, s.f.).Cuando existe exceso de produccin de hormonas hipofisarias, provoca una enfermedad llamada acromegalia. La misma puede causar la produccin anormal de la hormona del crecimiento. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza porque algunas reas del cuerpo se vuelven ms grandes y fuera de proporcin con el resto del cuerpo. Es un tipo de crecimiento excesivo que se da en las manos, pies y cara. Este crecimiento anormal surge en la edad madura despus que el proceso de crecimiento se ha parado. Si en la adolescencia se presenta gran cantidad de la hormona del crecimiento, se puede producir gigantismo (Melton, s.f.).Desequilibrios metablicosSegn botanical Online (2015) el metabolismo permite funcionar, crecer y desarrollarse y realizar todas las funciones del organismo. Los alimentos producen la energa mediante los nutrientes. El metabolismo tiene dos fasesAnabolismo Tiene la funcin de crear nuevas clulas, mantener los tejidos del cuerpo y crear reservas. Este tipo de proceso se conoce como metabolismo constructivo, as se forman los tejidos, los msculos o los nervios. Cuando ocurre esta fase el cuerpo gasta energa.Catabolismo Tiene la funcin de descomponer los tejidos corporales y las sustancias de reserva para producir energa. Se utiliza para obtener la energa que el cuerpo necesita. Permite los procesos anablicos como generar calor para mantener la temperatura corporal adecuada o proporcionar energa que permite dar fuerza a los msculos.El metabolismo del individuo se relaciona con el peso, el apetito y los niveles de energa del cuerpo. Cuando la glndula tiroides no est activa puede causar enfermedades cardacas, la fatiga y la obesidad. Cuando la tiroides produce demasiada hormona puede provocar que sea difcil que una persona mantenga su peso saludable. Los trastornos en las glndulas suprarrenales pueden producir cortisol en cantidad excesiva y causar que una persona gane peso en el rea del abdomen, esto se llama sndrome de Cushing. Tambin, ocurren otros trastornos que logran niveles de cortisol ms bajos que los normales. El cortisol ayuda a mantener la presin arterial, la glucosa en sangre y los niveles de energa normales (Melton, s.f.).Principales procesos metablicosEntre los principales proceso metablicos se encuentran la digestin, que mediante los alimentos permite los procesos de creacin de nuevos tejidos y el almacenamiento de las sustancias de reser va en forma de grasa corporal la circulacin de la sangre, en los cuales los nutrientes son trasportados por la sangre hasta el hgado y las clulas del hgado metabolizan cada sustancia para producir energa. La eliminacin de los productos de desecho mediante la defecacin se elimina los residuos de la digestin. La regulacin de la temperatura corporal es la energa producida por el proceso catablico genera calor que mantiene la temperatura corporal. Tambin, existen otros mecanismos internos puede disminuir la temperatura corporal como el aumento del sudor o la dilatacin de los vasos sanguneos (Botanical Online, 2015).Desequilibrios del sistema reproductivoSegn Melton (s.f.) los desequilibrios qumicos producidos en el sistema reproductivo pueden causar infertilidad y bajar el deseo sexual en ambos sexos. Cuando los niveles de estrgeno y testosterona estn bajos, afecta el rendimiento sexual y la fertilidad. Los altos niveles de testosterona en los hombres pueden provocar un exceso de masa m uscular. De otra parte, las mujeres con niveles altos de testosterona pueden experimentar calvicie de patrn masculino y el crecimiento excesivo del pelo en la cara y el pecho. Otras mujeres pueden experimentar que su voz sea ms grave y llegar a ser ms masculino. Sin embargo, cuando los niveles de estrgeno son bajos en las mujeres tienen problemas con la menstruacin, problemas para embarazarse y llevar el embarazo a trmino. Cuando las cantidades de estrgeno son excesivas, esto puede provocar cncer de seno y otros tipos de cncer en la mujer.ConclusinEl cuerpo humano est compuesto por una serie de sistemas que realizan cambios qumicos continuamente. Para que exista un balance, es necesario que todos los procesos estn sincronizados y no sufran ningn desorden, ya que si existe alguno se afecta la salud de la persona. Es necesario que las clulas el cuerpo humano lleva a cabo las funciones vitales para el organismo pueda vivir adecuadamente. El cuerpo del ser humano tiene procesos que son bsicos y que producen subsistemas esenciales donde un grupo de rganos coordinados realizan las funciones esenciales del mismo.Lminas de los procesos qumicos del cuerpoREFERENCIASAguilar, J. E. (2011). Los sistemas fundamentales del cuerpo humano. Mxico Asociacin Oaxaquea de Psicologa, A. C.Botanical Online (2015). Metabolismo corporal. Recuperado de http//www.botanical-online.com/medicinalsmetabolismo.htmMelton, W. (s.f.). Cmo un desequilibrio qumico afecta tu cuerpo? Recuperado de http//www.ehowenespanol.com/desequilibrio-quimico-afecta-cuerpo-sobre_165852/

Tinnitus: Causes and Treatments

Tinnitus Causes and TreatmentsWhat is Tinnitus?Tinnitus is hotshot of the most habitual conditions, 1 of every 5 persons suffers from it, scarcely despite of popular belief it is not a disease. So, what is really tinnitus?Tinnitus is a condition that makes the patient h auricula atrii a sound like annulus, buzzing, hissing or other sounds, when they arnt really make by any exterior factors. The noise open fire pick up different levels of volume, and it is usually easier to notice in a silent environment when there are no other sounds. Most people are concerned that this condition could get along hear loss. The people who hold in this condition have no hearing problems in rare cases some of the people even so develop a hypersensitive sense of hearing.Tinnitus john be inexorable or it finish sustain and go, it can affect just one ear or both. Even though it doesnt shake hearing loss and it is not a safe condition, it still is a matter of concern for some people, some times they arise it hard to concentrate because of the high-pitched noise they hear, and it even interferes with their slumber. When the condition reaches a level when it affects the patients sleep and concentration the patient must definitely accommodate action.The causes of tinnitus are many, but the condition manifests when the inner cells of the ear are damaged. One of the most usually experienced causes for tinnitus is the loud noise/sound exposure. Depending on the period of the loud noise exposure, the tinnitus can last from a few hours to many days, weeks, or until treated if a person has been exposed to loud noise for a long amount of time. other common cause for tinnitus is the hearing loss callable to age. Yes, even though tinnitus doesnt cause hearing loss, hearing loss can cause tinnitus, peculiarly amongst elders. The blockage of the earwax is also a common cause for tinnitus. The earwax is shit naturally by the ear for protection, but sometimes, it forms a bl ockage that can irritate the eardrum, or cause hearing loss, both of them leash to tinnitus. The bang-up saucys in this case, is that if the tinnitus is caused by blockage, it can be easily taken away with a lecture to the doctor.The first step toward healing the tinnitus is a telephone to the doctor. Because it can have many causes, it is authorized to pay a visit to the doctor, and not just visit the pharmacy. Only the doctor can limit the cause of the condition and offer proper medication for it. The doctor can also provide much information most the condition according to the patients questions.Signs and symptoms of tinnitusTinnitus is not a serious condition but it can cause complication on some patients, mostly because in some cases it affects the sleep or the concentration. Even if it does not cause hearing loss, it is very important to treat it, and the first step towards interference is knowledge.The first thing everyone should know about tinnitus is how to recogni ze the signs of this condition. Knowing the signs whitethorn help determine earlier if the condition exists and get treatment.One of the earlier signs of tinnitus, and the most easily to notice is a ringing sound the patient hears. Most of the time the ringing can be a high pitched sound, but it can also be a low pitched sound. It can sound as a buzz, a hiss, a ringing or a whooshing. The sound can be persistent or not, it may progress or begin suddenly and it can best be notice in quiet places, when no other sounds interfere.Another sign of tinnitus is sleep deprivation and lack of concentration, all of this being caused by the noise the patient hears, regardless of the fact that the patient is or not richly aware of it at all times.The symptoms of the tinnitus depend on the type of tinnitus the patient has. There are two types of tinnitus subjective and objective. The subjective tinnitus is very common, 95% of the patients scurvy from tinnitus have this type of condition. The s ymptoms of the subjective tinnitus are often associated with many other ear afflictions and dis arrangements. The most common symptom is the hearing of a buzzing, hassle or ringing but there are other symptoms as well, which may vary from one patient to another, according to their condition and the patients reply to it. Therefore, a patient with subjective tinnitus may also have some of the following symptoms stress, inducted by the lack of sleep or lack of concentration and in some cases even anxiety.The other type of tinnitus is the objective tinnitus, and this type is only affecting 5% of the persons who suffer from tinnitus. This type of tinnitus is rare and it is often related to a muscular disorder or a vascular disorder. The patient suffering from objective tinnitus can be cured this type may be spy by the doctor, who can hear with the stethoscope the ringing or buzzing in the patients ears. In some cases a sign of objective tinnitus is observed when the ringing sound in t he ears is synchronized with the patients heartbeat.In both the cases of tinnitus, the signs and symptoms vary from one patient to another, which is why a person should visit the doctor at the first sign of ringing in their ears, in order to determine what condition they have.Learn how to treat tinnitus in a few stepsTinnitus is most of the time nothing serious and it is in fact a condition, not a disease. Tinnitus is, in many cases the condition of another key condition and it can be easily cured. There are a few simple steps which every patient has to follow in order to get betterThe first and most important step towards healing tinnitus is a visit to the doctor. By taking this step the patient is going to take on out the cause of the tinnitus and the underlying condition and get the proper treatment for it.Counseling. Regardless of the cause and treatment for tinnitus, a patient should get counseling from a specialist, to understand tinnitus, talk about it and need how it affe cts them as well as how to cope with the condition.Sound. Since tinnitus is most easily observed in silent environments, sound therapy has been proven to be a very efficient way to deal with it. The patient can use a sound generator to be able to sleep, or a distraction from the tinnitus.Relaxation. The patients who suffer from stress because of tinnitus may find it helpful to do some meditation, exercise or even take yoga classes to relax and take their mind of the condition.Earwax removal. There are many cases of tinnitus caused by excessive earwax, and fortunately this can be easily cured with a quick visit to the hospital. Once the earwax is removed the tinnitus forget go away, if earwax is the only cause for it.Medication. The tinnitus condition has no known medication cure, but depending on the cause of the condition, some medication can be taken to ease the symptoms. For utilisation, if one of the symptoms is depression, the doctor will recommend antidepressants.Avoid certa in substances. If one of the causes for tinnitus is blood restoretle associated, the patient must stave off substances rich in caffeine and alcohol.Supplements and vitamins. There are some supplements and vitamins that are known to ease the tinnitus symptoms such as magnesium, atomic number 30 and B vitamin. The doctor can recommend on or more of them, according to the patients needs.Music. A pleasant and simple way to make the tinnitus less distressful is medicinal drug. It can becalm and relax the patient, as well as help with sleep and meditation.Avoid loud sound. Whenever possible, loud sound must be avoided, for it is one of the main causes for tinnitus.Even though not all of the patients suffering from tinnitus can be cured, there are a lot of ways to deal with the condition. The treatment is different for every patient, which is why a visit to the doctor is a must in order to get proper care.Learn to prevent tinnitusTinnitus is not a serious condition, and it can somet imes be cured, by dealing with the underlying health problem that caused it, but it is always easier to prevent than deal with, which is why is important to learn how to prevent tinnitus. There are a few methods and precautions that can be used to prevent the tinnitus.Hearing protection. One of the most common causes for tinnitus is exposure to loud noise, which is why in order to prevent tinnitus one must wear protection when exposed to loud noises.Check your medicine. Some medicines have been known to have tinnitus as a side effect, so a patient must ask their doctor to check the medicine their using. There have been cases when the patients tinnitus has been cured when their medication was changed, because the tinnitus was only a side effect of the introductory medicine.Stay healthy. Tinnitus is often a condition associated with blood vas disorders, so a way to prevent tinnitus is to stay healthy with proper exercise, meditation and nutrition.Lower the headphones volume. It is w ell-know that many people use headphones for music, phone conversation, and radio and so on. Long exposure to loud volume can damage the hearing, thus causing tinnitus. The proper way to use headphone without getting tinnitus and hearing problems is to set the volume as low as hearing what goes around you as well.Avoid places with loud sound or loud music. Exposure to loud sounds and music can cause tinnitus. In most cases the tinnitus induced by loud sound exposure is temporary, but if the ears are exposed to loud sound for mountainous periods of time, then the tinnitus may become permanent.Ease up on caffeine and alcohol. If a person has a blood vessel condition that person is more likely to develop tinnitus when consuming large amounts of caffeine and alcoholic beverages.Hearing aids. Most of the persons who have hearing problems may develop tinnitus, so that case it is important to use hearing aids for tinnitus prevention.Watch your weight. Tinnitus is more likely to develop if the person is obese because obesity is often related to heart problems. Proper feeding can help maintain a healthy weight, as well as exercise.Tinnitus may not be a serious condition but it is, however unpleasant, and in certain cases it can be complicated, which is why it is better to prevent it. A healthy lifestyle and alimentation, exercise and proper care will definitely help you prevent tinnitus.All you need to know about tinnitusTinnitus is a very spread condition. Despite to popular belief it is not a disease, but a condition often induced by other health problems. Most of the time the health problems that induce the tinnitus condition are ear related or blood vessel related. Even though in most of the cases the tinnitus is not a serious problem, it is important to stay informed and learn about it.One of the most important things to know about tinnitus is that up to this day there is no cure or medicine for it. However, depending on the case, the tinnitus can go away. If th e tinnitus is cause by an earwax blockage, once the blockage is removed, the tinnitus will fade. Also if the cause of the tinnitus is another health issue, when that issue is solved the tinnitus may go away as well.When the tinnitus cannot be healed, it is imperative to know that its symptoms can be diminished. Depending on the type and cause of the tinnitus, a set of measures may be taken to reduce the patients symptoms and help him cope with the condition. If one of the patients symptoms is depression, antidepressants may help with the condition, as well as meditation and exercise may help in case of stress.Another important thing to know about tinnitus is that every case is different, so a visit to the doctor should be the first thing on the list. The doctor can set the diagnosis, find the cause of the tinnitus, and cure it in case it is possible, or provide methods of help in case the condition cannot be cured.Preventing is easier than curing, so it is important to know that t innitus can be easily prevented by following a few steps avoid loud noise exposure or use hearing protection when exposed to loud noise, avoid long term use of the headphone with a loud volume, exercise, eat healthy, prevent obesity.It is vital to know that tinnitus is not a serious condition and that it cant affect your life, abilities or personal relationships. many people have had complications with tinnitus because they worried too much about it, instead on learning how to cope with it, thus leading to depression, stress and lack of sleep. Tinnitus can be easily prevented, however if you do get it remember that even if it can be cured all you have to do is be calm about it and remember it is not a serious issue and it can be easy to deal with. acres Comparison of Prices Rice and CocoaCountry Comparison of Prices Rice and CocoaSurname KAREKLAName MARIASubject 1As noted by Thompson (2001) absolute advantage occurs when a good is produced with the lower labor input per unit and com parative degree advantage when copulationly less of other goods must be sacrificed to produce a unit of the alter good(1). So, in this case, the amount of labor requirements per unit of output areRICECOCOANORWAY11/3ARGENTINA3/23/2So, Norway has an absolute advantage in producing both merchandises, since its labor requirements are lower both in rice, 1Furthermore, in the following disheartenOpportunity apostrophize tableRICECOCOANORWAY=3=1/3ARGENTINA=1=1it is shown that for Norway the opportunity cost for producing 1 gross ton of rice is =3 tons of cocoa and the opportunity cost for producing 1 ton of cocoa is =1/3 tons of rice. In genus genus Argentina, the opportunity cost for producing 1 ton of rice is =1 ton of cocoa and the opportunity cost of producing 1 ton of cocoa is =1 ton of rice. So, Norway has a comparative advantage in producing cocoa, since it has a lower opportunity cost in producing it (1/3b) In autarky the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) is the same with the drug addiction Possibility Frontier(2). So, henceforth, LN and LA is the labor endowment in Norway and Argentina respectively, aNLR, aNLC and aALR, aALC is the amount of labor per unit of rice and cocoa in Norway and Argentina respectively, R and C is the amount of money of rice and cocoa respectively(3).In Norway the PPF isLN=aNLRR+aNLCC one hundred thirty=1R+1/3CIt takes 1 worker to produce a unit of rice and 1/3 to produce a unit of cocoa. As noted by Thompson (2001) employment in rice achievement convinced(p) employment in cocoa production sums the labor force of Norway(3).If 0 cocoa is produced 130=(1R)+(1/30)R=130/1=130If 0 rice is produced 130=(10)+(1/3C)C==390So, the autarky PPF,CPF diagram of Norway is as followsAs noted by Thompson (2001) Norway produces at the two endpoints of the PPF, (130,0) or (0,390) or at any other point between them(3).In the same way, in Argentina the PPF isLA=aALRR+ aALCC390=(3/2R)+(3/2C)If 0 cocoa is produced 390=(3/2R)+(3/20)R==260If 0 rice is produced 390=(3/20)+(3/2C)C==260So, the autarky PPF,CPF diagram of Argentina is as followsFurthermore, the relative harm of rice in Norway is 3 and of cocoa is 1/3, the opportunity cost of one relative to the other. The relative legal injury of rice and cocoa in Argentina is 1 for each one of them. So, in autarky cocoa is relatively cheaper in Norway, since 1/31. Consequently, as noted by Agiomirgianakis, and Vlassis (2005) the internationalistic relative charge of rice will be between 1 and 3. If its above 3 both countries produce rice. If its below 1, both countries produce cocoa. Since the international relative price of rice is 3/2, between 3 and 1, Argentina specializes in rice, producing 390.000.0001=390.000.000 tons of rice, and Norway in cocoa, producing 130.000.0003=390.000.000 tons of cocoa(4).Continuing, in turn vocation and since the introduction equilibrium price of rice is Pr/Pc=3/2.This is the Norways new Consumption Possibility Frontier(5)Prqr+Pcqc=Pc 390(Prqr+Pcqc)/Pc=390(Prqr/Pc)+(Pcqc/Pc)=390(Pr /Pc)qr+qc=390qc=390-(Pr /Pc)qr and since Pr/Pc=3/2 (the institution equilibrium relative price of rice)qc=390-(3/2qr)The slope of the exempt vocation CPF is -3/2 and the diagram as followsThis is the Argentinas new Consumption Possibility Frontier(5)Prqr+Pcqc=Pr260(Prqr+Pcqc)/Pr=260(Prqr/Pr)+(Pcqc/Pr)=260(Pc /Pr)qc+qr=260qr=260-(Pc /Pr)qc and since Pr/Pc=3/2 and Pc/Pr=2/3qr=260-(2/3qc)The slope of the lax trade CPF is -2/3 and the diagram as followsAs noted by Karagiannis, Katranidis, Palivos and Stoforos (2014) under free trade both countries can consume combinations of the two goods that are not produced within the country(5).c) As noted Karagiannis, Katranidis, Palivos and Stoforos (2014) the wage rates in Argentina can be calculate by WA=Pr/aALR and the wage rates in Norway by WN=Pc/aNLC. So, the wage in Argentina relative to wage in Norway can be calculated as WA/WN=(Pr/Pc)x(aNLC/aALR)=3/2x=x==1/2.(6) So, the yield in Argent ina are the (half) of the wages of Norway and Argentinian workers would want to immigrate to Norway. Furthermore, as noted by Agiomirgianakis, and Vlassis (2005) one of the factors that affect the wage rates of the countries is the terms of trade, which is actually the world equilibrium price of the traded goods(7).d) As explained by Thompson (2001)(8) when a country opens to free trade and due to comparative advantage specializes in one good, importing another, the domestic firms that produced this other product in autarky but at higher prices than the world price, would have reasons to object to free international trade, since they would go out of business. Their stockholders and investors would strongly oppose to such an opening to free trade since they would lose their money. Also, a lot of specialized workers would also object to free international trade since they would have to retrain to find a job in the firms of the good their country specializes from now on. However, even though the cost of retraining workers and reforming the firms to the new specialised market will be considerable, it will also be temporary and the economy, after a small transition period, will readjust to the new conditions and in long term the come upons from free trade will prevail. The producers will see their market and income increase and consumers will enjoy more cheaper goods.SUBJECT 2(9)a) In autarky the equilibrium price and quantity is where the supply and demand curve intersect, where Qs=Qd.So, Qs=Qd2P=600-P2P+P=6003P=600P=600/3=200 is the autarky equilibrium price.Having found the price, we can find the equilibrium quantity Qd=Qs=2P=2200= cdb) On free trade the world price is Pw=cxxv, the quantity supplied (QSw) and demanded (QDw) in the country isQDw=600-P=600-125=475QSw=2P=2125=250The countrys quantity demanded of steel is 475, which is less than the quantity supplied (250), and wherefore there will be QDw-QSw=475-250=225 imports.c) Tariff=T and price under the t ariff is the world price plus the tariff P2=Pw+TSo, the new quantities supplied(Qs2) and demanded(Qd2) areQs2=2P2Qs2=2x(Pw+T)Qs2=2x(125+T)Qs2=250+2TQd2=600-P2Qd2=600-(Pw+T)Qd2=600-(125+T)Qd2=600-125-TQd2=475-TThe amount that the government wants to raise, 3,750 Euros, equals the tariff times the imports(10), which are the quantity demanded(Qd2) minus the quantity supplied(Qs2),3,750=T x (Qd2-Qs2)So, T=3,750/(Qd2-Qs2)T=3,750/(475-T)-(250+2T)T=3,750/(225-3T)T x (225-3T)=3,750-3T2+225T-3,750=0With =2252-(4-3-3,750)=50,625-45,000=5,625 and since it is positiveT1=(-225-) /(2x-3)= -300/-6=50T2=(-225+) /(2x-3)= - one hundred fifty/-6=25So, the government can raise 3,750 by imposing a tariff on imports of either T1=50 or T2=25. Which one the government should choose depends on the consumers and producers gains and losses and the net effect of each tariff, relative to which part its politicians wants to protect the most.So, for tariff T1 The new price is PT1=PW+T1=125+50=175 and the quantit y supplied and demanded is QST1=2PT1=2175=350, QDT1=600-PT1=600-175=425.So, the change in consumer tautologic is the difference between consumer surplus with the tariff minus the consumer surplus on free trade and can be seen on the diagram as -(a+b+c+d) areas(9).So,(600-175)x425/2-(600-125)x475/2=90,312.50-112,812.50= -22,500 the money consumers lose due to the tariff.The change in producers surplus is the difference between producers surplus with the tariff minus producers surplus on free trade and can be seen on the diagram as the organization a(9).(PT1-PW)QST1((PT1-PW)(QST1-QSW)/2=(175-125)x350-(175-125)x(350-250)/2=17,500-2,500=15,000 the producers gain.The net effect of tariff T1=50 can be seen on the scheme by the two triangles b and d and is calculated as (b+d), being actually the deadweight loss for society(9)-(b+d)= -(QST1-QsW)xT1/2+(QDW-QDT1)xT1/2= -(350-250)x50/2+(475-425)x50/2=-(2,500+1,250)= -3,750 the net effect.So, for tariff T2 The new price is PT2=PW+T2=125+25 =150 and the quantity supplied and demanded is QST2=2PT2=2150=300, QDT2=600-PT2=600-150=450.So, the change in consumer surplus is, as can be seen on the diagram, -(a+b+c+d) (9).So,(600-150)x450/2-(600-125)x475/2=101,250-112,812.50= -11,562.50 the money consumers lose due to the tariff.The change in producers surplus is the difference between producers surplus with the tariff minus producers surplus on free trade and can be seen on the diagram as the scheme a(9).(PT2-PW)QST2((PT2-PW)(QST2-QSW)/2=(150-125)x300-(150-125)x(300-250)/2=7,500-625 =6,875 the producers gain.The net effect of tariff T2=2 is as before (b+d) (9)-(b+d)= -(QST2-QSW)xT2/2+(QDW-QDT2)xT2/2= -(300-250)x25/2+(475-450)x25/2=-(625+312.50)= -937.50 the net effect.Consequently, if the government wants to protect the consumers more than the producers, it should chitchat tariff T2=25 since consumers will lose less and the net effect is smaller, but if it prefers to protect producers it should impose tariff T1=50 since t hey gain more with it (15,0006,875), even though the net effect is bigger.d) As noted by Thompson (2001) a quota is a quantitative labour on the level of imports(10). So the quota is the difference between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied under new price. Quota =QDq-QSq and the new price under the quota is the world price plus q Pq=Pw+qSo the new quantities supplied and demanded areQSq=2Pq =2(Pw+q)=2(125+q)QSq=250+2qQDq=600-Pq=600-(Pw+q)QDq=600-(125+q)QDq=475-qThe amount that the government wants to raise, 3,750 , equals q (the price raise due to the quota) times the imports the quantity demanded (QDq) minus the quantity supplied (QSq),3,750=q(QDq-QSq)So q=3,750/(QDq-QSq)q=3,750/(475-q)-(250+2q)q=3,750/(225-3q)q(225-3q)=3,750-3q2+225q-3,750=0With =2252-(4-3-3,750)=50,625-45,000=5,625 and since it is positiveq1=(-225-) /(2x-3)= -300/-6=50q2=(-225+) /(2x-3)= -150/-6=25With q1=50, Pq1=125+50=175, and QSq1=2Pq1=2175=350, QDq1=600-Pq1=600-175=425 and so the Quota=QDq1-QSq 1=425-350=75With q2=25, Pq2=125+25=150, and QSq2=2Pq2=2150=300, QDq2=600-Pq2=600-150=450 and so the Quota=QDq2-QSq2=450-300=150As in the previous answer (c), the government can choose between a quota of 75 and 150 imports, with the same result for its income. If the government wants to protect its consumers, it will impose a quota of 150 imports since it will set a smaller price than with a quota of 75 imports (150425. But if the government wants to protect producers it will impose a quota of 75 imports, since with it the producers sell more (350300) and gain more (350175=61250 45000=300150).Subject 3 a) In autarky the equilibrium price (P) and quantity (Q) can be found backdrop quantity supplied and demanded equalQD=QS180-30P=20+10P180-20=30P+10P160=40P160/40=PSince P=4, quantity is Q=QD=QS=20+10P=20+(104)=60On free trade price=Pw=2 and the quantities supplied(QSw) and demanded(QDw) areQDw=180-30Pw=180-(302)=120QSw=20+10Pw=20+(102)=40The export subsidy would put the price Ps=PW+2 .5=2+2.5=4.5 and the quantities supplied and demandedQDs=180-30Ps=180-(304.5)=45QSs=20+10Ps=20+(104.5)=65On free trade 40 units are supplied but 120 units are demanded, so (120-40=) 80 units are imported. The price is the world price, 2 . With the export subsidy 65 units are supplied but only 45 are demanded in the country, so (65-45=) 20 units are exported. The new price is 4.5 . Consumers consume less units that are more expensive.The consumers lose from the export subsidy and their income decrease can be calculated by CS= -(a+b+e+f+g) areas of the diagram(11)a+e=(PS-PW)xQDS=(4.5-2)x45=112.5b+f+g=(PS-PW)x(QDw-QDs)/2=(4.5-2)x(120-45)/2=187/2=93.75So, -(a+b+e+f+g)= -(112.5+93.75)= -206.25 Producers gain from the export subsidy. On free trade they sell 40 units for only 2 , but with the export subsidy they sell 65 units, (65-40=) 25 units more, for 4.5 . The producers gain (income increase) can be calculated by PS=a+b+c areas on the diagram(11)(PS-PW)xQSs(QSs-QSW)x(PS-PW)/2=(4.5-2)x 65-(65-40)x(4.5-2)/2=162.5-31.25=131.25 The government loses from the export subsidy. Its loss is the budget effect and can be calculated by (b+c+d+f) areas of the diagram(11) (b+c+d+f)= -(PS-PW)x(QSs-QDs)= -(4.5-2)x(65-45)= -50 .The net effect, the deadweight loss of society, can be calculated by adding consumers lose+producers gain+budget effect= -206.25+131.25-50= -125 b) With the production subsidy the producers gain 2 (the world price) +2.5 (the subsidy)=4.5 per unit of output, which is the new price (PS) for them only(12). Consumers buy still at 2 . The new quantity produced with the new price is Qs=20+10P=20+(104.5)=20+45=65. The quantity demanded didnt change(120), so if there in no imports prohibition, consumers buy 65 from the countrys producers and (120-65=)55 are imported, all for 2. So, consumers have no gains or loss from the production subsidy(12).The government loses the amount of the subsidy 65unitsX2.5= -162.5 , the (a+b+c+d) areas of the diagram(12).The Net effec t can be calculated by the (c+d) areas of the diagram(12)-(c+d)= -(QS-QSw)x(PS-PW)/2= -(65-40)x2.5/2=-(62.5/2)= -31.25 Producers gain from the production subsidy and their gains can be calculated by the a+b areas of the diagram(12) a+b= (a+b+c+d)-(c+d)=162.5-31.25=131.25 Subject 4 Several politicians in substantial countries are in favor of free trade of goods between countries but strongly against immigration and free exchange of workers among countries. The question is whether one can be in favor of the first and against the second, especially since they are actually against free trade of the production factor of labor.According to the supporters of the above, immigration is nominated due to the differences of wages among countries and a certain equalization of wages would return that reason, ignoring actually that a large part of immigration is due to asylum seekers.Continuing, according to them, free trade of goods between countries can provide the less developed ones with a really large market, the international one, to which they could export the goods at which they have a comparative advantage due to cheap labor, creating the conditions for the price of those goods to rise in a long term base due to the increasing demand for the exporting good. Increased demand for the good leads to an increased demand for labor and consequently, a raise on wages. In that way, free trade would eliminate the abovementioned reason for immigration. Based on that, for example Mundell (1957) sees free trade and immigration as substitutes, controversy that restrictions on free trade cook immigration and restrictions of labor factors promotes free trade (13).According to the supporters of the above report, immigration also reduces the labor endowment of the pedestal country of the immigrants, and consequently the number of consumers. The market of the home country is in other words shrinking. In the same time, immigration increases the host countrys costs for health, se curity and other public services. Finally, some support that a large amount of foreign workers in a country might create serious unemployment problems to its citizens(14).However, the above arguments are not generally accepted. Markusen (1983) has proved that free trade and immigration are actually complements in cases where international trade is created for example due to differences in technology, preferences or lack of perfect competition(14). There are also others who argue that immigrants in a free trade environment create a whole new market for trade with goods for which there was no demand before immigration(15). Immigrants also pay taxes in the host country(14).In conclusion, the idea that a country should promote free international trade and prohibit immigration isnt always the best solution, since it can be beneficial only under certain circumstances that are not always attainable.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) THOMPSON, H. (2001) International economics global Markets and Internation al Competition. Singapore World Scientific, p.29,48.(2) KARAGIANNIS, G., KATRANIDIS, S., PALIVOS, T., STOFOROS, C. (2014) International Economics. second Tutorial Meeting, MBA50 Economics for Managers, Hellenic Open University, 6th December 2014,p.10.(3) THOMPSON, H. (2001) International Economics Global Markets and International Competition. Singapore World Scientific,p.29,40-41.(4) AGIOMIRGIANAKIS, G.M., VLASSIS, M. (2005) Economics for Managers muckle 1 International Economic Environment. Patras Hellenic Open University, p.41.(5) KARAGIANNIS, G., KATRANIDIS, S., PALIVOS, T., STOFOROS, C. (2014) International Economics. second Tutorial Meeting, MBA50 Economics for Managers, Hellenic Open University, 6th December 2014,p.15.(6) KARAGIANNIS, G., KATRANIDIS, S., PALIVOS, T., STOFOROS, C. (2014) International Economics. 2nd Tutorial Meeting, MBA50 Economics for Managers, Hellenic Open University, 6th December 2014,p.18-19.(7) AGIOMIRGIANAKIS, G.M., VLASSIS, M. (2005) Economics for Man agers Volume 1 International Economic Environment. Patras Hellenic Open University, p.45.(8) THOMPSON, H. (2001) International Economics Global Markets and International Competition. Singapore World Scientific,p.89-91.(9) THOMPSON, H. (2001) International Economics Global Markets and International Competition. Singapore World Scientific,p.117-8.(10) THOMPSON, H. (2001) International Economics Global Markets and International Competition. Singapore World Scientific,p.121-2.(11) KARAGIANNIS, G., KATRANIDIS, S., PALIVOS, T., STOFOROS, C. (2014) International Economics. 2nd Tutorial Meeting, MBA50 Economics for Managers, Hellenic Open University, 6th December 2014,p.39.(12) SURANOVIC, S.M., (2003) International Trade hypothesis and Policy. Online, Chapter 95-1B, Available from http//internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch95/T95-1B.phpAccessed 9th January 2014.(13) AGIOMIRGIANAKIS, G.M., VLASSIS, M. (2005) Economics for Managers Volume 1 International Economic Environment. Patras Hellenic Open University, p.138-150.(14) SCHIFF, M., Migration, Investment and Trade Substitutes or Complements?.Online Agent Franaise de Dveloppement. Availlable from http//www.afd.fr/webdav/ shared out/PORTAILS/PUBLICATIONS/EUDN/EUDN2006/Schiff.pdfAccessed 14th January 2015.(15) MARJIT, S., BELADI, H. Complementarily between Trade and Factor Movement Revisiting Mundell-Markusen Propositions. KeiO Associated Repository of Academic Resources. Available fromhttp//koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/AA00260492-20020001-0057.pdf?file_id=28397Accessed 14th January 2015.

Nick’s Psychological Development in Ernest Hemingway’s In Our Time Es

gouges Psychological Development in Ernest Hemingways In Our TimeIn Hemingways collection of short stories, In Our Time, we honour a character by the name of prick Adams. We are introduced to come off in Indian Camp as a young boy, and follow him to adulthood in both Parts I and II of Big Two-Hearted River. Through this we see Nick develop and learn ab bulge out some study facts of life. Nick is a character who changes through the effects of war on many different levels. Although Hemingway hardly mentions the war, he uses the stories to express different effects and emotions caused by the war.In Indian Camp we meet Nick as he joins his sky pilot to help a pregnant Indian woman in labor. Nicks father, a doctor, brings him to experience this as a sort of initiation of life. His father desires him to learn about life and wants to teach his son about being a doctor. While doing this, Nicks father is unconsciously presenting Nick with life while trying to shield him from death. Wh en the Indian man commits suicide, Nicks father does not want him to see it. A man who commits suicide lacks courage, and that is not something that Nicks father wants him to learn. Nicks father did not say much to him about this incident. This strong, silent masculinity reappears throughout these stories. When this happens, Nicks behavior also changes. Nick quickly refers to his father as protoactinium instead of dad as he did earlier. He is looking for his father to fix what has happened and comfort him. This tragic incident scars Nick more than even his father understands. Witnessing suicide was too disturbing to Nick at his young age, thus restraining his psychological development. Reacting to this, at the end of the story Nick felt quite sure that he would never die (19). This makes it obvious that although Nick witnessed death first hand, that he still does not fully understand it. Hemingway is introducing the theme of masculinity in the story, and how Nick is going to strug gle with this throughout his life. Nicks father stormed into a typically female situation (giving birth) and turned it into a male-dominated environment. This introduces Nick to prefer a masculine life rather than a feminine life. In the story The Doctor and the Doctors Wife we briefly see Nicks family life. All three of the Adams are living in separate worlds. Nicks mother is... ...h are the two hearts of the big river, making their troth bring them closer together rather than further apart. The reason the two can connect is because they are both male. Even after all that Nick has gone through, he still has not allowed females into his life. He still believes that t here(predicate) can be no unison with women in a masculine life. It is here when it is obvious that regardless of all that he has been through, Nick has still not completely accepted the way traditional society works. He has shut out civilization and has begun the end of his life in solitude. Hemingway used many diff erent emotions in this book to describe what people go through during war. Nick Adams is a character who never really finds peace in society. Instead, he finds contentment in solitude. Had Nick let women into his life and taken a risk of acquire hurt, then he might have not spent the rest of his life fishing alone. Nick make the decision that he did not want the domestic life that Marjorie wanted. Now he must spend his days reflecting on his life and the decisions that he made. Whether he is at peace with the decisions he made is questionable, but anything is better than being at war.

Computers In Society :: essays research papers

Computers in SocietyMy report is on the development of the computer for personal use by home consumers and their impact on society. Computers were existence developed as early as the 1800s and were more of a machine than a computer. The first digital computer that worked electronically was build by Clifford Berry and Dr. John V. Atanasoff in the late 30s and early 40s. The first computer as we know it was designed by Howard Aiken and built by IBM in 1944. This first computer was called the Mark I and was eight feet high and over fifty five feet long. It was made of steel and glass and was in truth unreliable and extremely noisy. The beginning of the commercial computer age was in June of 1951. This was when the UNIVAC (universal automatic computer) was delivered to a client. The client was the U.S. bureau of the census and was to be used for scheming the previous years census. This was the first time that a computer had been built for a business application rather than for the us e of the military or for scientific or engineering use. These first computers came to be known as the first generation computers and used nullity tubes, which were electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs as the internal computer components. However, due to the fact that literally thousands of these tubes were required, they generated enormous amounts of heat that caused many problems in the temperature regulation and climate control inside these computers. In summation every tube had to be working simultaneously in order for the computer to function and due to the short tube life (one failed every peer of hours) the computer operators didnt know if the problem was due to a programming error or the machine itself. These first generation computers also used a language called machine language that used numbers instead of todays languages that are more like English. In 1948 terce Bell lab engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, developed the transistor, which was a small device that transfers electric signals across a resistor. The transistor would replace the vacuum tube that was being used in computers. The engineers later received the Nobel Prize for their invention. The transistor revolutionized the computer industry, because they were much smaller than vacuum tubes and had legion(predicate) advantages as well. They didnt require any warm up time, they consumed less energy, were faster, and more reliable.

Commercials and Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

Analyze ThisDid you ever sit and analyze the kinds of commercials that are vie on the television? At designated times, different people are targeted. Or how about the ways the grocery stores are set up with the candy, soda, and magazines near the confine out area. Items in a store are put in certain places for a reason. These are all clever selling techniques that manufacturers come up with to get people to buy their products.Around 230 until about 500, the kids come home from school, and the cartoons and other kids shows are on. So why non show commercials for the latest Barbie doll or hot wheels playset. Children see this, remember it and figure out how to co...

Why Nicholas II Survived the Revolution of 1905 but Not that of 1917 Es

Why Nicholas II Survived the Revolution of 1905 but Not that of 1917 When Father Gapon and his followers marched peacefully on the Winter Palace on 22nd January in what came to be known as Bloody Sunday due to the extreme reaction leading to the shambles of the protestors, it sparked the revolution of 1905, consisting of workers strikes and protests in addition to terrorising the wealthy and important upper classes. As well as being a response to Bloody Sunday, the 1905 revolution was a result of pent up dissatisfaction with the autocracy in Russia and with the vast social inequality. However, in spite of the unrest within the country, the tsar managed to retain power later this revolution. In 1917, when the people revolted again, he was not so lucky, and the autocracy fell. There are many reasons why the Tsar was able to survive the 1905 revolution, not least of which was the benefit of good ministers to advise him well. Stolypin tried to have a modera ting influence on the Tsar and to help him make concessions to the people which would promise to amend their lives enough that the revolution would die down. However, by 1917 both Stolypin and Witte were dead, and the Tsarina Alexandra was in charge of the running of the country due to the Tsars absence to the front to fight with the army. During the judgment of conviction in which he was away, Alexandra replaced many of Nicholas ministers with her own personal favourites, most of whom were poorly equipped to hold such influential positions at such an unstable time. collectible to this, the Tsar had few capable ministers to advise him through the crisis when revolution broke out and help him emerge unsca... ...es stipulated therein played a large reference in his downfall in 1917. The emergence of the free press after 1905 granted the right to express opinions by cosmosation meant that the Tsar was widely criticised to the public for the first time, w hereas previously none of his wrong-doings had ever been made known, and he was viewed as ordained by god. Now however the Russians began to see him as fallible and to caput his actions, leading to further unrest. Similarly, and perhaps most importantly, the Duma in 1917 provided a viable alternative to the autocracy which had not been present in 1905. Ironically, just as departure the serfs had led to them wanting more and assassinating Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas grandfather, so granting the people their Duma in 1905 in part led to the eventual downfall of the Tsar in 1917.

Significance of Names in Flannery O’Conner’s Good Country People Essay

Significance of Names in Flannery OConners favorable Country passelThe story Good Country People, by Flannery OConner is a work that uses characterization in a new and interesting way to help shape and present the characters of this story. One of the principal(prenominal) characters is Hulga Hopewell, also known as Joy Hopewell. This characters name plays a very ironic role in the story. Through the use of such a mirthful name OConner helps to develop and build the characteristics of Hulga. In the story Good Country People the use of the name Hulga (Joy) Hopewell helps to further build upon the characterization of Hulga and pull the reader a deeper understanding of the character.Joy Hopewell is the name given to Hulga by her mother and father when she was a baby. This name brings to theme a person who looks on the brighter side of things and doesnt let things discourage her. In the readers mind this name may perhaps bring about the image of a teacher or someone who works with children in a well light happy place. It is also a softer much vulnerable name, which may have been OConners intent in using the name Joy. In the story Joy changes her name to Hulga Hopewell because of the fact that she feels it better suits her personality. During her childhood Hulga had an accident in which her leg was quip off of her body therefore, she has to wear a wooden leg that is rather bulky so by having the name Hulga it helps her to deter many people from communicate questions or trying to get too close to her. Due to this accident Hulga becomes a brooding person, not very fond of company and entertainment. The name Hulga brings to mind a rather large Swedish woman who could probably break a man in half. It is a brooding name and awkward on ... ...k that perhaps she should have kept her original name of Joy because it does in fact suit her.Throughout this story it appears that there are two intelligibly different sides of Hulga Hopewell. One side is that of Hulga large, brooding, and rude. The other side however, is softer and much more vulnerable. That side is Joy Hopewell. By using these two names together OConner creates a unique picture of this character. The revelation that Hulgas real name is Joy gives the reader some insight and helps the reader to see the softer side of Hulga more easily. By using something as simple as a name in this story the author creates deeper meaning for each character. Works CitedOConner, Flannery. Good Country People. Literature An Introduction To Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia 3rd ed. New York Longman, 2003. 247-261